Organic Chemistry
... which the composition of the product mixture is determined by the relative rates of formation of each product. First formed dominates. • In the case of enolate anion formation, kinetic control refers to the relative rate of removal of alternative a-hydrogens. • With the use of a bulky base, the less ...
... which the composition of the product mixture is determined by the relative rates of formation of each product. First formed dominates. • In the case of enolate anion formation, kinetic control refers to the relative rate of removal of alternative a-hydrogens. • With the use of a bulky base, the less ...
Chapter 22 Alpha Substitution and Condensations of Enols
... • For aldehydes and ketones, the keto form is greatly favored at equilibrium. • An enantiomer with an enolizable hydrogen can form a racemic mixture. ...
... • For aldehydes and ketones, the keto form is greatly favored at equilibrium. • An enantiomer with an enolizable hydrogen can form a racemic mixture. ...
ch11 - alcohols and ethers
... Alkyl halide or sulfonate should be primary or methyl to avoid E2 If R = t-butyl, R’ must be methyl Modest yields with secondary halides if both substrates unhindered Substitution is favored over elimination at lower temperatures ...
... Alkyl halide or sulfonate should be primary or methyl to avoid E2 If R = t-butyl, R’ must be methyl Modest yields with secondary halides if both substrates unhindered Substitution is favored over elimination at lower temperatures ...
Carbonyl compounds
... The mechanism of nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide does have some stereochemical consequence in some carbonyl compounds. Treatment of butanal, say, with hydrogen cyanide gives a mixture of two isomeric products which cannot be separated by careful distillation, as they are enantiomers that a ...
... The mechanism of nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide does have some stereochemical consequence in some carbonyl compounds. Treatment of butanal, say, with hydrogen cyanide gives a mixture of two isomeric products which cannot be separated by careful distillation, as they are enantiomers that a ...
chem 217 intermediate chemistry ii assignment #5 3/9/00 due: 3/23/00
... The differences are due to the fact that carbonyl groups of ketones and esters are less electronwithdrawing that those of aldehydes because alkyl (ketone) and alkoxy (ester) groups are electron donating thus counteracting the electron-withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group. Thus, ketones and ester ...
... The differences are due to the fact that carbonyl groups of ketones and esters are less electronwithdrawing that those of aldehydes because alkyl (ketone) and alkoxy (ester) groups are electron donating thus counteracting the electron-withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group. Thus, ketones and ester ...
6.5. alcohols
... The functional group level of a carbon atom can be worked out by counting the number of bonds to electronegative atoms on the carbon. • No such bonds is called the Hydrocarbon level • one bond is called the Alcohol level • two bonds is the Carbonyl level • three bonds the Carboxylic Acid level • fou ...
... The functional group level of a carbon atom can be worked out by counting the number of bonds to electronegative atoms on the carbon. • No such bonds is called the Hydrocarbon level • one bond is called the Alcohol level • two bonds is the Carbonyl level • three bonds the Carboxylic Acid level • fou ...
Document
... and HI. Chloroalkanes cannot be prepared by this method because Cl- is too poor a nucleophile. ...
... and HI. Chloroalkanes cannot be prepared by this method because Cl- is too poor a nucleophile. ...
Reactions of Acyl Chlorides
... Acyl chlorides react with water to give carboxylic acids (carboxylate ion in base): O RCCl + H2O ...
... Acyl chlorides react with water to give carboxylic acids (carboxylate ion in base): O RCCl + H2O ...
Student Learning Outcomes (broken down by chapter…basically the
... Predict the major products of the dehydration of alcohols and describe the relative rates at which alcohols undergo dehydration. Predict the products of the reactions of alcohols with oxidizing reagents. Propose mechanisms for the dehydration reactions of alcohols. Predict the major products of the ...
... Predict the major products of the dehydration of alcohols and describe the relative rates at which alcohols undergo dehydration. Predict the products of the reactions of alcohols with oxidizing reagents. Propose mechanisms for the dehydration reactions of alcohols. Predict the major products of the ...
Chapter 12. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
... potassium tartrate which is also called, Rochelle salt.] (c) Benedict solution With it, aldehydes (except benzaldehyde) also give red ppt. of CU2O. (d) Schiff’s reagent It is an aqueous solution of magenta or pink coloured rosaniline hydrochloride which has been decolourised by passing SO2, Aldehyde ...
... potassium tartrate which is also called, Rochelle salt.] (c) Benedict solution With it, aldehydes (except benzaldehyde) also give red ppt. of CU2O. (d) Schiff’s reagent It is an aqueous solution of magenta or pink coloured rosaniline hydrochloride which has been decolourised by passing SO2, Aldehyde ...
Mass Spec - Fragmentation
... - Remember that for a ring system, at least 2 bonds must break for the ring to fragment. In addition, there are 10 general rules to keep in mind when predicting the most likely ions to be formed for a given ...
... - Remember that for a ring system, at least 2 bonds must break for the ring to fragment. In addition, there are 10 general rules to keep in mind when predicting the most likely ions to be formed for a given ...
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
... Name R group bonded to O, followed by replacing “–ic acid” in the parent acid with “–ate.” O ...
... Name R group bonded to O, followed by replacing “–ic acid” in the parent acid with “–ate.” O ...
THIOALCOHOLS AND DISULFIDES:
... The carbon in C=O must bond to at least one H in an aldehyde. The other single bond must be to carbon or another H but not to O, N,or S. Thus all aldehyde have CH=O group, called the aldehyde group. Carbonyl carbon in ketone is joined to two other carbons. Only then carbonyl group is called a keto g ...
... The carbon in C=O must bond to at least one H in an aldehyde. The other single bond must be to carbon or another H but not to O, N,or S. Thus all aldehyde have CH=O group, called the aldehyde group. Carbonyl carbon in ketone is joined to two other carbons. Only then carbonyl group is called a keto g ...
13_lecture_ppt
... of Cu(OH)2 and sodium citrate – Reacts with aldehydes, but not with ketones – Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ • Solution of Cu2+ is a distinctive blue color • Color fades during the reaction as Cu+ precipitates as the red solid, copper(I) oxide, Cu2O ...
... of Cu(OH)2 and sodium citrate – Reacts with aldehydes, but not with ketones – Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ • Solution of Cu2+ is a distinctive blue color • Color fades during the reaction as Cu+ precipitates as the red solid, copper(I) oxide, Cu2O ...
Chapter 4 Functional Group Transformations: Oxidation and
... Relative rate of oxidation with H2CrO4 Name ...
... Relative rate of oxidation with H2CrO4 Name ...
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ch14[1].
... Acid Chlorides • The functional group of an acid halide is a carbonyl group bonded to a halogen atom. • Among the acid halides, acid chlorides are by far the most common and the most widely used. O - C- X Functional group of an acid halide ...
... Acid Chlorides • The functional group of an acid halide is a carbonyl group bonded to a halogen atom. • Among the acid halides, acid chlorides are by far the most common and the most widely used. O - C- X Functional group of an acid halide ...
Phenol_structure, properties and reactions File
... Hydrogen bonding from OH group = stronger intermolecular forces resulting in phenol being solid at room temperature. ...
... Hydrogen bonding from OH group = stronger intermolecular forces resulting in phenol being solid at room temperature. ...
Grant MacEwan College - Faculty Web Pages
... Description: This is the second course in organic chemistry. The topics covered include structural and chemical properties of alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aromatic compounds. Aldehyde, ketones, amines, carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid derivatives. Illustration of these functiona ...
... Description: This is the second course in organic chemistry. The topics covered include structural and chemical properties of alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aromatic compounds. Aldehyde, ketones, amines, carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid derivatives. Illustration of these functiona ...
Lecture 16 Aromatic Diazonium Salts
... Diazonium ions could be reduced by single electron transfer to give an aryl radical and nitrogen. Copper(I) is frequently used for this purpose and the aryl radical is highly reactive capable of abstracting a ligand from the transition metal ion or a hydrogen atom from a covalent bond. Joint initiat ...
... Diazonium ions could be reduced by single electron transfer to give an aryl radical and nitrogen. Copper(I) is frequently used for this purpose and the aryl radical is highly reactive capable of abstracting a ligand from the transition metal ion or a hydrogen atom from a covalent bond. Joint initiat ...
EXPERIMENT 9 (Organic Chemistry II) Pahlavan/Cherif
... known because carbon atom has the unique ability to bond to other carbon atoms to from large molecules. In these compounds, carbon may be bonded to other carbons via single bonds, double bonds, and/or triple bonds. Other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen are also oftentimes present. To study the ...
... known because carbon atom has the unique ability to bond to other carbon atoms to from large molecules. In these compounds, carbon may be bonded to other carbons via single bonds, double bonds, and/or triple bonds. Other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen are also oftentimes present. To study the ...
Facile Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols with Sodium Nitrate/p
... present reaction conditions. Electron donating groups such as –CH and –OCH present in the aromatic rings facilitated the oxidations and the reactions are completed within 150 sec (entries 3-4). Even in cases of benzyl alcohols with powerful electron withdrawing groups (entries 5-7) in the aromatic r ...
... present reaction conditions. Electron donating groups such as –CH and –OCH present in the aromatic rings facilitated the oxidations and the reactions are completed within 150 sec (entries 3-4). Even in cases of benzyl alcohols with powerful electron withdrawing groups (entries 5-7) in the aromatic r ...
Organometallic Chemistry
... the metabolism of every cell of the body, especially affecting DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid synthesis and energy production. Vitamin B-12 is the name for a class of chemically-related compounds, all of which have vitamin activity. It is structurally the most complicated vitamin ...
... the metabolism of every cell of the body, especially affecting DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid synthesis and energy production. Vitamin B-12 is the name for a class of chemically-related compounds, all of which have vitamin activity. It is structurally the most complicated vitamin ...
Wolff rearrangement
The Wolff rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an α-diazocarbonyl compound is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen with accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. The Wolff rearrangement yields a ketene as an intermediate product, which can undergo nucleophilic attack with weakly acidic nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, and amines, to generate carboxylic acid derivatives or undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions to form four-membered rings. The mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement has been the subject of debate since its first use. No single mechanism sufficiently describes the reaction, and there are often competing concerted and carbene-mediated pathways; for simplicity, only the textbook, concerted mechanism is shown below. The reaction was discovered by Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement has great synthetic utility due to the accessibility of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, variety of reactions from the ketene intermediate, and stereochemical retention of the migrating group. However, the Wolff rearrangement has limitations due to the highly reactive nature of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, which can undergo a variety of competing reactions.The Wolff rearrangement can be induced via thermolysis, photolysis, or transition metal catalysis. In this last case, the reaction is sensitive to the transition metal; silver (I) oxide or other Ag(I) catalysts work well and are generally used. The Wolff rearrangement has been used in many total syntheses; the most common use is trapping the ketene intermediate with nucleophiles to form carboxylic acid derivatives. The Arndt-Eistert homologation is a specific example of this use, wherein a carboxylic acid may be elongated by a methylene unit. Another common use is in ring-contraction methods; if the α-diazo ketone is cyclic, the Wolff rearrangement results in a ring-contracted product. The Wolff rearrangement works well in generating ring-strained systems, where other reactions may fail.