Organic Chemistry – Summary of Reactions and Conditions
... contain copper (II) complexes. These complexes enable Cu (II) to remain in solution in the presence of alkali. Ketones are resistant to oxidation and do not react with Benedict's solution. Tollen's reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) (not a preparative method) Prepared by adding excess ammonia solut ...
... contain copper (II) complexes. These complexes enable Cu (II) to remain in solution in the presence of alkali. Ketones are resistant to oxidation and do not react with Benedict's solution. Tollen's reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) (not a preparative method) Prepared by adding excess ammonia solut ...
Chapter 1--Title
... Most anhydrides are named by dropping the word acid from the carboxylic acid name and adding the word anhydride ...
... Most anhydrides are named by dropping the word acid from the carboxylic acid name and adding the word anhydride ...
Handout: Naming Organic Compounds Substituents Longest carbon
... alkyl groups attached to nitrogen as substituents. For same substituents, use “di” and “tri.” 2°, 3° amines with different R groups on N: Parent amine is the one with largest R group; name other groups as substituents, starting with N-. [Ions derived from amines: Replace –amine with –a ...
... alkyl groups attached to nitrogen as substituents. For same substituents, use “di” and “tri.” 2°, 3° amines with different R groups on N: Parent amine is the one with largest R group; name other groups as substituents, starting with N-. [Ions derived from amines: Replace –amine with –a ...
Nucleophilic Substitution and b
... • RO-, an alkoxide ion, is both a strong nucleophile (unless bulky and hindered) and a strong base. Both SN2 (desired) and E2 (undesired side product) can occur. • Choose nucleophile and electrophile carefully. Maximize SN2 and minimize E2 reaction by choosing the R’X to have least substituted carbo ...
... • RO-, an alkoxide ion, is both a strong nucleophile (unless bulky and hindered) and a strong base. Both SN2 (desired) and E2 (undesired side product) can occur. • Choose nucleophile and electrophile carefully. Maximize SN2 and minimize E2 reaction by choosing the R’X to have least substituted carbo ...
Document
... CI 13.1, Act A4.1b The feature of a halogenoalkane molecule that allows it to undergo substitution reaction is the presence of a polar bond between the halogen atom and the carbon atom to which it is bonded. The halogen atom is slightly negatively charged and the carbon atom is slightly positively c ...
... CI 13.1, Act A4.1b The feature of a halogenoalkane molecule that allows it to undergo substitution reaction is the presence of a polar bond between the halogen atom and the carbon atom to which it is bonded. The halogen atom is slightly negatively charged and the carbon atom is slightly positively c ...
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... Draw the repeating unit of the polyamide formed by the reaction of propanedioic acid with hexane-1,6-diamine.(2) In terms of the intermolecular forces between the polymer chains, explain why polyamides can be made into fibres suitable for use in sewing and weaving, whereas polyalkenes usually produc ...
... Draw the repeating unit of the polyamide formed by the reaction of propanedioic acid with hexane-1,6-diamine.(2) In terms of the intermolecular forces between the polymer chains, explain why polyamides can be made into fibres suitable for use in sewing and weaving, whereas polyalkenes usually produc ...
Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
... The following example illistrates a reaction that occurs by nucleophilic addition of hydride ion to the polar C≡N bond, yielding an imine anion. The imine anion undergoes another nucleophilic addition to yield a ...
... The following example illistrates a reaction that occurs by nucleophilic addition of hydride ion to the polar C≡N bond, yielding an imine anion. The imine anion undergoes another nucleophilic addition to yield a ...
Nucleophilic
... leaving group fully departs with its electron pair. 1. The nucleophile (HO−) approaches the alkyl halide carbon at an angle of 180° from the C−X bond. This is referred to as backside attack ...
... leaving group fully departs with its electron pair. 1. The nucleophile (HO−) approaches the alkyl halide carbon at an angle of 180° from the C−X bond. This is referred to as backside attack ...
16.1 The Carbonyl Group
... 16.3 Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones • Aldehydes and ketones cannot hydrogen-bond with one another, so they are lower boiling than alcohols. • Aldehydes and ketones are higher boiling than alkanes because of the polarity of the carbonyl group. Common aldehydes and ketones are ...
... 16.3 Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones • Aldehydes and ketones cannot hydrogen-bond with one another, so they are lower boiling than alcohols. • Aldehydes and ketones are higher boiling than alkanes because of the polarity of the carbonyl group. Common aldehydes and ketones are ...
Nuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 14 – Ethers
... organic chemistry, it is often used as a solvent for running reactions or doing extractions. Because of its flammability, it is also used as a starter fluid for gasoline and diesel engines. It was the first compound used as a general anesthetic, but has now been replaced by safer compounds like halo ...
... organic chemistry, it is often used as a solvent for running reactions or doing extractions. Because of its flammability, it is also used as a starter fluid for gasoline and diesel engines. It was the first compound used as a general anesthetic, but has now been replaced by safer compounds like halo ...
1 Chapter 8: Nucleophilic Substitution 8.1: Functional Group
... leaving group fully departs with its electron pair. 1. The nucleophile (HO−) approaches the alkyl halide carbon at an angle of 180° from the C−X bond. This is referred to as backside attack ...
... leaving group fully departs with its electron pair. 1. The nucleophile (HO−) approaches the alkyl halide carbon at an angle of 180° from the C−X bond. This is referred to as backside attack ...
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... Ethers and Their RelaHves • An ether has two organic groups (alkyl, aryl, or vinyl) bonded to the same oxygen atom, R–O–Rʹ′ • Diethyl ether is used industrially as a solvent • Tetrahydrofuran (THF) i ...
... Ethers and Their RelaHves • An ether has two organic groups (alkyl, aryl, or vinyl) bonded to the same oxygen atom, R–O–Rʹ′ • Diethyl ether is used industrially as a solvent • Tetrahydrofuran (THF) i ...
what are acyl chlorides?
... solution of ammonia in water. There is a very violent reaction producing lots of white smoke - a mixture of solid ammonium chloride and ethanamide. Some of the mixture remains dissolved in water as a colourless solution. ...
... solution of ammonia in water. There is a very violent reaction producing lots of white smoke - a mixture of solid ammonium chloride and ethanamide. Some of the mixture remains dissolved in water as a colourless solution. ...
Imine formation
... 6. Predict the products of these imine formations and aldol sdditions. How are they similar to each other? (Hint: Use the example strategy of identifying the nucleophile and electrophile and drawing the condensed product.) ...
... 6. Predict the products of these imine formations and aldol sdditions. How are they similar to each other? (Hint: Use the example strategy of identifying the nucleophile and electrophile and drawing the condensed product.) ...
Ch 10- Alcohols and Ethers
... • Ethers have BP that are roughly comparable with alkanes of similar molecular weight • Alcohols on the other hand have much higher BP’s due to hydrogen bonding • Ethers can hydrogen bond with water, just not ...
... • Ethers have BP that are roughly comparable with alkanes of similar molecular weight • Alcohols on the other hand have much higher BP’s due to hydrogen bonding • Ethers can hydrogen bond with water, just not ...
Carbonyl Compounds
... NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION • The carbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones are polarised because of the difference in the electronegativity of carbon and oxygen. • The carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge. • Aldehydes and ketones are susceptibl ...
... NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION • The carbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones are polarised because of the difference in the electronegativity of carbon and oxygen. • The carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge. • Aldehydes and ketones are susceptibl ...
or H - No Brain Too Small
... C=C double bond in alkanes is fixed and cannot be rotated (“is no free rotation about the C=C double bond”). This allows for different arrangements of the atoms/groups of atoms in space. o groups on same side, ciso groups on opposite sides, trans ...
... C=C double bond in alkanes is fixed and cannot be rotated (“is no free rotation about the C=C double bond”). This allows for different arrangements of the atoms/groups of atoms in space. o groups on same side, ciso groups on opposite sides, trans ...
CHM230 - Preparation of Methyl Benzoate Preparation of Methyl
... Esters can be prepared by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst such as concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride, p-toluenesulfonic acid, or the acid form of an ion exchange resin: ...
... Esters can be prepared by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst such as concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride, p-toluenesulfonic acid, or the acid form of an ion exchange resin: ...
(Organic Chemistry II) Pahlavan
... known because carbon atom has the unique ability to bond to other carbon atoms to from large molecules. In these compounds, carbon may be bonded to other carbons via single bonds, double bonds, and/or triple bonds. Other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen are also oftentimes present. To study the ...
... known because carbon atom has the unique ability to bond to other carbon atoms to from large molecules. In these compounds, carbon may be bonded to other carbons via single bonds, double bonds, and/or triple bonds. Other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen are also oftentimes present. To study the ...
Wolff rearrangement
The Wolff rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an α-diazocarbonyl compound is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen with accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. The Wolff rearrangement yields a ketene as an intermediate product, which can undergo nucleophilic attack with weakly acidic nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, and amines, to generate carboxylic acid derivatives or undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions to form four-membered rings. The mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement has been the subject of debate since its first use. No single mechanism sufficiently describes the reaction, and there are often competing concerted and carbene-mediated pathways; for simplicity, only the textbook, concerted mechanism is shown below. The reaction was discovered by Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement has great synthetic utility due to the accessibility of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, variety of reactions from the ketene intermediate, and stereochemical retention of the migrating group. However, the Wolff rearrangement has limitations due to the highly reactive nature of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, which can undergo a variety of competing reactions.The Wolff rearrangement can be induced via thermolysis, photolysis, or transition metal catalysis. In this last case, the reaction is sensitive to the transition metal; silver (I) oxide or other Ag(I) catalysts work well and are generally used. The Wolff rearrangement has been used in many total syntheses; the most common use is trapping the ketene intermediate with nucleophiles to form carboxylic acid derivatives. The Arndt-Eistert homologation is a specific example of this use, wherein a carboxylic acid may be elongated by a methylene unit. Another common use is in ring-contraction methods; if the α-diazo ketone is cyclic, the Wolff rearrangement results in a ring-contracted product. The Wolff rearrangement works well in generating ring-strained systems, where other reactions may fail.