Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
... Arene (Ar-H) is the generic term for an aromatic hydrocarbon ...
... Arene (Ar-H) is the generic term for an aromatic hydrocarbon ...
ppt
... Grignard Reagents. Conversion of an alkyl or aryl Grignard reagent to a carboxylic acid with an addition carbon (the CO2H group). The CO2H group is derived from CO2. Mg(0) R-Br ...
... Grignard Reagents. Conversion of an alkyl or aryl Grignard reagent to a carboxylic acid with an addition carbon (the CO2H group). The CO2H group is derived from CO2. Mg(0) R-Br ...
thiols and sulfides.
... These rate differences can be explained based on the interplay between strain, entropy, and proximity. Entropy reduction (due to ring closure) increases with increasing ring size. (Reaction rate decrease with increasing ring size.) Ring strain decreases with increasing ring size. (Reaction rate incr ...
... These rate differences can be explained based on the interplay between strain, entropy, and proximity. Entropy reduction (due to ring closure) increases with increasing ring size. (Reaction rate decrease with increasing ring size.) Ring strain decreases with increasing ring size. (Reaction rate incr ...
Organic Chemistry
... off, thereby preventing further oxidation to ethanoic acid, because the boiling point of ethanal (23 °C) is much lower than that of either the original alcohol ethanol (78 °C) or of ethanoic acid (118 °C). Both the alcohol and the acid have higher boiling points because of hydrogen bonding. If oxida ...
... off, thereby preventing further oxidation to ethanoic acid, because the boiling point of ethanal (23 °C) is much lower than that of either the original alcohol ethanol (78 °C) or of ethanoic acid (118 °C). Both the alcohol and the acid have higher boiling points because of hydrogen bonding. If oxida ...
Chemistry 122 Chapter 9 Ketones and Aldehydes
... When adding electrophiles or nucleophiles, the stronger one adds first. In electrophilic addition the result is the oxonium ion which is stabilized by resonance giving a carbocation, which in turn is neutralized by an electrophile. In nucleophilic addition the result is the enolate ion and the negat ...
... When adding electrophiles or nucleophiles, the stronger one adds first. In electrophilic addition the result is the oxonium ion which is stabilized by resonance giving a carbocation, which in turn is neutralized by an electrophile. In nucleophilic addition the result is the enolate ion and the negat ...
Efficient and catalyst-free condensation of acid chlorides and
... stoichiometric ratio MeOH/BnCl is increased. In order to obtain full conversion with a stoichiometric ratio beneath 1.3, the reaction temperature was increased but without success. However, 99% conversion was obtained with a reaction temperature of 100°C and 1.1 equivalents MeOH. In a next series of ...
... stoichiometric ratio MeOH/BnCl is increased. In order to obtain full conversion with a stoichiometric ratio beneath 1.3, the reaction temperature was increased but without success. However, 99% conversion was obtained with a reaction temperature of 100°C and 1.1 equivalents MeOH. In a next series of ...
Aldehydes and Ketones
... FOLLOWS: • ALKANES < ALDEHYDES/KETONES < ALCOHOLS • ALDEHYDES AND KETONES ARE SOLUBLE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS, AND THOSE WITH FEWER THAN FIVE CARBONS ARE ALSO SOLUBLE IN WATER, BECAUSE THEY ARE ABLE TO HYDROGEN BOND WITH WATER MOLECULES. ...
... FOLLOWS: • ALKANES < ALDEHYDES/KETONES < ALCOHOLS • ALDEHYDES AND KETONES ARE SOLUBLE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS, AND THOSE WITH FEWER THAN FIVE CARBONS ARE ALSO SOLUBLE IN WATER, BECAUSE THEY ARE ABLE TO HYDROGEN BOND WITH WATER MOLECULES. ...
PPT
... • Low molecular weight carboxylic acids are liquids at room temperature and have characteristically sharp or unpleasant odors. • The –COOH group is very polar. Hydrogen bonding between –COOH groups creates dimers (two identical molecules bonded together). ...
... • Low molecular weight carboxylic acids are liquids at room temperature and have characteristically sharp or unpleasant odors. • The –COOH group is very polar. Hydrogen bonding between –COOH groups creates dimers (two identical molecules bonded together). ...
Ch 19 Aldehydes and Ketones
... - Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones for both steric and electronic reasons. - First, the H creates less steric hindrance so that the carbonyl C is more accessible. - Second, an organic group provides e- donating induction which stabilizes the + carbonyl C and makes it less reactive. - Formal ...
... - Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones for both steric and electronic reasons. - First, the H creates less steric hindrance so that the carbonyl C is more accessible. - Second, an organic group provides e- donating induction which stabilizes the + carbonyl C and makes it less reactive. - Formal ...
Document
... 15.5: Preparation of Diols - Vicinal diols have hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons (1,2-diols, vic-diols, glycols) Dihydroxylation: formal addition of HO-OH across the -bond of an alkene to give a 1,2-diol. This is an overall oxidation. ...
... 15.5: Preparation of Diols - Vicinal diols have hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons (1,2-diols, vic-diols, glycols) Dihydroxylation: formal addition of HO-OH across the -bond of an alkene to give a 1,2-diol. This is an overall oxidation. ...
NCEA Level 3 Chemistry (91391) 2013
... saturated to unsaturated / a (C=C) double bond forms. • Because water is removed / H and OH have been removed (from adjacent C atoms). • The but-2-ene is the major product / but-1-ene is the minor product. • A mixture of products is formed, because the two carbons adjacent to the carbon-bearing OH h ...
... saturated to unsaturated / a (C=C) double bond forms. • Because water is removed / H and OH have been removed (from adjacent C atoms). • The but-2-ene is the major product / but-1-ene is the minor product. • A mixture of products is formed, because the two carbons adjacent to the carbon-bearing OH h ...
167KB - NZQA
... saturated to unsaturated / a (C=C) double bond forms. • Because water is removed / H and OH have been removed (from adjacent C atoms). • The but-2-ene is the major product / but-1-ene is the minor product. • A mixture of products is formed, because the two carbons adjacent to the carbon-bearing OH h ...
... saturated to unsaturated / a (C=C) double bond forms. • Because water is removed / H and OH have been removed (from adjacent C atoms). • The but-2-ene is the major product / but-1-ene is the minor product. • A mixture of products is formed, because the two carbons adjacent to the carbon-bearing OH h ...
TOPIC 7. ELIMINATION REACTIONS (chapter 7 and parts of
... At the end of Topic 6 you were challenged to recognize one-step synthetic transformations. But not all transformations can be achieved in one step. For example, there is no method to dehydrogenate (i.e., remove H2) alkanes. So how would you bring about the following transformation? ...
... At the end of Topic 6 you were challenged to recognize one-step synthetic transformations. But not all transformations can be achieved in one step. For example, there is no method to dehydrogenate (i.e., remove H2) alkanes. So how would you bring about the following transformation? ...
Hydrocarbons
... Oxidation – Primary alcohols can be oxidised to create carboxylic acids. We can use acidified dichromate or acidified permanganate as oxidising agents Elimination – As you might have guessed elimination reactions remove parts of the alcohol. In this case we remove the –OH group and one other hydroge ...
... Oxidation – Primary alcohols can be oxidised to create carboxylic acids. We can use acidified dichromate or acidified permanganate as oxidising agents Elimination – As you might have guessed elimination reactions remove parts of the alcohol. In this case we remove the –OH group and one other hydroge ...
Azetidinone : A bioactive moiety
... cholesterol absorption inhibitor that effectively blocks intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Such drugs prevent the absorption of cholesterol, by inhibiting the passage of dietary and biliary cholesterol across the intestinal wall. These drugs represent a new class of pharmaceutical agents that ca ...
... cholesterol absorption inhibitor that effectively blocks intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Such drugs prevent the absorption of cholesterol, by inhibiting the passage of dietary and biliary cholesterol across the intestinal wall. These drugs represent a new class of pharmaceutical agents that ca ...
Name:
... (b) Circle the strongest nucleophile and cross-out the weakest nucleophile from choices below: ...
... (b) Circle the strongest nucleophile and cross-out the weakest nucleophile from choices below: ...
Nuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 13 – Alcohols (II)
... o 1o alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or carboxylic acids by losing one or two bonds to hydrogen and gaining one or two bonds to oxygen. o 2o alcohols can be oxidized to ketones by losing a bond to hydrogen and gaining a bond to oxygen. o 3o alcohols and phenols cannot be oxidized, since they c ...
... o 1o alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or carboxylic acids by losing one or two bonds to hydrogen and gaining one or two bonds to oxygen. o 2o alcohols can be oxidized to ketones by losing a bond to hydrogen and gaining a bond to oxygen. o 3o alcohols and phenols cannot be oxidized, since they c ...
Document
... • Oxidation/Reduction Reactions: Review (Section 12.2) • Reduction of Carbonyls to Alcohols (Section 12.3) • Oxidation of Alcohols (Section 12.4) • Organometallic Compounds (Section 12.5) • Organolithium and Magnesium Compounds (Section 12.6) • Reactions of Organolithium/Magnesium Species (Section 1 ...
... • Oxidation/Reduction Reactions: Review (Section 12.2) • Reduction of Carbonyls to Alcohols (Section 12.3) • Oxidation of Alcohols (Section 12.4) • Organometallic Compounds (Section 12.5) • Organolithium and Magnesium Compounds (Section 12.6) • Reactions of Organolithium/Magnesium Species (Section 1 ...
Chemistry - Tiwariacademy.net
... SN1 reaction proceeds via the formation of carbocation. The alkyl halide (I) is 3° while (II) is 2°. Therefore, (I) forms 3° carbocation while (II) forms 2° carbocation. Greater the stability of the carbocation, faster is the rate of SN1 reaction. Since 3° carbocation is more stable than 2° carbocat ...
... SN1 reaction proceeds via the formation of carbocation. The alkyl halide (I) is 3° while (II) is 2°. Therefore, (I) forms 3° carbocation while (II) forms 2° carbocation. Greater the stability of the carbocation, faster is the rate of SN1 reaction. Since 3° carbocation is more stable than 2° carbocat ...
Wolff rearrangement
The Wolff rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an α-diazocarbonyl compound is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen with accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. The Wolff rearrangement yields a ketene as an intermediate product, which can undergo nucleophilic attack with weakly acidic nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, and amines, to generate carboxylic acid derivatives or undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions to form four-membered rings. The mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement has been the subject of debate since its first use. No single mechanism sufficiently describes the reaction, and there are often competing concerted and carbene-mediated pathways; for simplicity, only the textbook, concerted mechanism is shown below. The reaction was discovered by Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement has great synthetic utility due to the accessibility of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, variety of reactions from the ketene intermediate, and stereochemical retention of the migrating group. However, the Wolff rearrangement has limitations due to the highly reactive nature of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, which can undergo a variety of competing reactions.The Wolff rearrangement can be induced via thermolysis, photolysis, or transition metal catalysis. In this last case, the reaction is sensitive to the transition metal; silver (I) oxide or other Ag(I) catalysts work well and are generally used. The Wolff rearrangement has been used in many total syntheses; the most common use is trapping the ketene intermediate with nucleophiles to form carboxylic acid derivatives. The Arndt-Eistert homologation is a specific example of this use, wherein a carboxylic acid may be elongated by a methylene unit. Another common use is in ring-contraction methods; if the α-diazo ketone is cyclic, the Wolff rearrangement results in a ring-contracted product. The Wolff rearrangement works well in generating ring-strained systems, where other reactions may fail.