Drawing Organic Structures Functional Groups
... • Name = alkyl group name • Number = point of attachment to parent chain • Two substituents on the same C get the same number 4. Write the name as a single word • Substituents before parent name (include #) • Separate # and word with hyphen • Separate two numbers with a comma • List substituents in ...
... • Name = alkyl group name • Number = point of attachment to parent chain • Two substituents on the same C get the same number 4. Write the name as a single word • Substituents before parent name (include #) • Separate # and word with hyphen • Separate two numbers with a comma • List substituents in ...
4888 Journal of the American Chemical Society 1OO:lS 1 July 19
... iodoso compound) which can lead to olefins by a syn elimination process. It is known that amine oxides,2 sulfoxide^,^ and selenoxides4 undergo thermal pericyclic eliminations of hydroxylamine, sulfenic acid (RSOH), and selenenic acid (RSeOH), respectively, to form olefins. Alkyl iodide oxides (iodos ...
... iodoso compound) which can lead to olefins by a syn elimination process. It is known that amine oxides,2 sulfoxide^,^ and selenoxides4 undergo thermal pericyclic eliminations of hydroxylamine, sulfenic acid (RSOH), and selenenic acid (RSeOH), respectively, to form olefins. Alkyl iodide oxides (iodos ...
Document
... In most cases the equilibrium favors the carbonyl over the diol. Ketones have values of Keq of about 10-4 to 10-2. For example, acetone hydration yields 99.9% ketone, 0.1% gem diol. For most aldehydes, Keq is ~ 1. Formaldehyde is an exception, i.e., 99.9% diol, 0.1% aldehyde. Formaldehyde (b.p. = -2 ...
... In most cases the equilibrium favors the carbonyl over the diol. Ketones have values of Keq of about 10-4 to 10-2. For example, acetone hydration yields 99.9% ketone, 0.1% gem diol. For most aldehydes, Keq is ~ 1. Formaldehyde is an exception, i.e., 99.9% diol, 0.1% aldehyde. Formaldehyde (b.p. = -2 ...
Addition Reactions of Carbonyls Part 1
... Unlike the molecules on the previous page, acetals and ketals are stable in base. They won’t collapse to carbonyl groups except in the presence of acid and water. This is very useful… ...
... Unlike the molecules on the previous page, acetals and ketals are stable in base. They won’t collapse to carbonyl groups except in the presence of acid and water. This is very useful… ...
Chapter 22: Phenols. Alcohols contain an OH group bonded to an
... OH group of phenols can participate in hydrogen bonding with other phenol molecules and to water. 22.4: Acidity of Phenols. Phenols are more acidic than aliphatic alcohols pKa ~ 16 H3CH2C O H ...
... OH group of phenols can participate in hydrogen bonding with other phenol molecules and to water. 22.4: Acidity of Phenols. Phenols are more acidic than aliphatic alcohols pKa ~ 16 H3CH2C O H ...
Chemical Family Ketones
... Chemical Family: Ketones Ketones Ketones has an oxygen atom double bonded to a carbon atom, but always on a carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms. They are derived from secondary alcohols. Ketones with closed rings have a typical minty-camphoraceous aroma (from the menthone, camphor, ...
... Chemical Family: Ketones Ketones Ketones has an oxygen atom double bonded to a carbon atom, but always on a carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms. They are derived from secondary alcohols. Ketones with closed rings have a typical minty-camphoraceous aroma (from the menthone, camphor, ...
Reaction of Organometallic Reagents with Aldehydes and Ketones.
... • The difference between the two reactions is what then happens to the intermediate. • Aldehydes and ketones cannot undergo substitution because they do not have a good leaving group bonded to the newly formed sp3 hybridized carbon. ...
... • The difference between the two reactions is what then happens to the intermediate. • Aldehydes and ketones cannot undergo substitution because they do not have a good leaving group bonded to the newly formed sp3 hybridized carbon. ...
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
... carbonyl carbon more accessible for attack by the nucleophiles as compared to carbonyl carbon of the ketone. With this background in mind, let us now study the reactions of aldehydes and ketones. A. Nucleophilic Addition Reactions The general reaction of addition of nucleophiles on the carbonyl grou ...
... carbonyl carbon more accessible for attack by the nucleophiles as compared to carbonyl carbon of the ketone. With this background in mind, let us now study the reactions of aldehydes and ketones. A. Nucleophilic Addition Reactions The general reaction of addition of nucleophiles on the carbonyl grou ...
120 Chapter 24: Phenols. Alcohols contain an OH group bonded to
... the OH group of phenols cab participate in hydrogen bonding with other phenol molecules and to water. 24.4: Acidity of Phenols. Phenols are more acidic than aliphatic alcohols pKa ~ 16 H3CH2C O H ...
... the OH group of phenols cab participate in hydrogen bonding with other phenol molecules and to water. 24.4: Acidity of Phenols. Phenols are more acidic than aliphatic alcohols pKa ~ 16 H3CH2C O H ...
Copper-Catalyzed Hydroalkylation of Terminal Alkynes
... important to note that all triflates used in Table 2 are prepared in high purity and in good yield from the corresponding alcohols.25 The mild reaction conditions allow successful hydroalkylation of alkynes in the presence of a wide range of functional groups. Silyl ethers, alkyl bromides, alkyl tosy ...
... important to note that all triflates used in Table 2 are prepared in high purity and in good yield from the corresponding alcohols.25 The mild reaction conditions allow successful hydroalkylation of alkynes in the presence of a wide range of functional groups. Silyl ethers, alkyl bromides, alkyl tosy ...
![ch13[1].](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008194698_1-d188c504eac7b7806e762a2340484910-300x300.png)
ch13[1].
... • Tollens’ reagent: Prepared by dissolving AgNO3 in water, adding NaOH to precipitate Ag2O and then adding aqueous ammonia to redissolve silver ion as the silverammonia complex ion. Tollens’ reagent is specific for the oxidation of aldehydes. If done properly, silver deposits on the walls of the con ...
... • Tollens’ reagent: Prepared by dissolving AgNO3 in water, adding NaOH to precipitate Ag2O and then adding aqueous ammonia to redissolve silver ion as the silverammonia complex ion. Tollens’ reagent is specific for the oxidation of aldehydes. If done properly, silver deposits on the walls of the con ...
WADE7Lecture10a
... The longest chain contains six carbon atoms, but it does not contain the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group. The longest chain containing the carbon bonded to the —OH group is the one outlined by the green box, containing five carbon atoms. This chain is numbered from right to left in order to give ...
... The longest chain contains six carbon atoms, but it does not contain the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group. The longest chain containing the carbon bonded to the —OH group is the one outlined by the green box, containing five carbon atoms. This chain is numbered from right to left in order to give ...
chm238f02.pracexam2.ans
... (b) What is the reactive electrophile in the above reaction? NO2+, nitronium ion. (c) If we used only pure (fuming) sulfuric acid, what would be the product(s)? mostly sulfonation of Cl benzene, both o and p, because SO3H+ becomes the superelectrophile and there is not as much protons for the dehydr ...
... (b) What is the reactive electrophile in the above reaction? NO2+, nitronium ion. (c) If we used only pure (fuming) sulfuric acid, what would be the product(s)? mostly sulfonation of Cl benzene, both o and p, because SO3H+ becomes the superelectrophile and there is not as much protons for the dehydr ...
Chapter 24. Amines
... They react with acids to form acid–base salts and they react with electrophiles Amines are stronger bases than alcohols, ethers, or water Amines establish an equilibrium with water in which the amine becomes protonated and hydroxide is produced ...
... They react with acids to form acid–base salts and they react with electrophiles Amines are stronger bases than alcohols, ethers, or water Amines establish an equilibrium with water in which the amine becomes protonated and hydroxide is produced ...
Aldehydes can react with alcohols to form hemiacetals
... belonged to the carbonyl group will be lost. Usually, this is of no consequence, but it can be useful. For example, in 1968 some chemists studying the reactions that take place inside mass spectrometers needed to label the carbonyl oxygen atom of this ketone with the isotope 18O. By stirring the ‘no ...
... belonged to the carbonyl group will be lost. Usually, this is of no consequence, but it can be useful. For example, in 1968 some chemists studying the reactions that take place inside mass spectrometers needed to label the carbonyl oxygen atom of this ketone with the isotope 18O. By stirring the ‘no ...
Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
... A primary radical intermediate (RCH2.) A secondary radical (R2CH.) Similar to electrophilic addition reaction More highly substituted, secondary radical is formed ...
... A primary radical intermediate (RCH2.) A secondary radical (R2CH.) Similar to electrophilic addition reaction More highly substituted, secondary radical is formed ...
M_ScOrganic_Chemistr..
... Organic synthesis: Reterosynthsis, synthons and synthetic equivalents, functional group interconversion, Synthesis of amines, regiospecific, chemospecific and stereospecific reactions, umpolung methods. principles and applications of protective groups in protection of hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl and c ...
... Organic synthesis: Reterosynthsis, synthons and synthetic equivalents, functional group interconversion, Synthesis of amines, regiospecific, chemospecific and stereospecific reactions, umpolung methods. principles and applications of protective groups in protection of hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl and c ...
Organic Chemistry Fifth Edition
... Catalytic hydrogenolysis used in industry but conditions difficult or dangerous to duplicate in the laboratory (special catalyst, high temperature, high pressure). ...
... Catalytic hydrogenolysis used in industry but conditions difficult or dangerous to duplicate in the laboratory (special catalyst, high temperature, high pressure). ...
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITIONS OF ALKENES AS THE
... called the anti-Markovnikov product, might form. Given that this product does not normally form under ordinary conditions, the question then is, are there special conditions under which it could form? The answer is yes, but with a very limited scope. We’ll address that point later. ...
... called the anti-Markovnikov product, might form. Given that this product does not normally form under ordinary conditions, the question then is, are there special conditions under which it could form? The answer is yes, but with a very limited scope. We’ll address that point later. ...
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND CARBOXYLATE SALTS Carboxylic
... The salts of the long-chain fatty acids are known as soaps. They are extremely useful as they help oil and water mix together. Glycerol is a useful by-product of this reaction as it can be used to make pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. So the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils produces soap, which us ...
... The salts of the long-chain fatty acids are known as soaps. They are extremely useful as they help oil and water mix together. Glycerol is a useful by-product of this reaction as it can be used to make pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. So the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils produces soap, which us ...
Microsoft Word
... Vicinal diols are present in many naturally occurring compounds. The ring opening of epoxides with water in the presence of acid catalysts generates synthetically useful vicdiols. However, most of these epoxide ring opening reactions involve the use of strongly acidic conditions, stoichiometric amou ...
... Vicinal diols are present in many naturally occurring compounds. The ring opening of epoxides with water in the presence of acid catalysts generates synthetically useful vicdiols. However, most of these epoxide ring opening reactions involve the use of strongly acidic conditions, stoichiometric amou ...
United States Patent Boyle et aI.
... through Rs have the members necessary to make a porphyrin. chlorin. bacteriochlorin. benzochlorin, hydroxychlorin or hydroxybacteriochlorin nucleus. S1 through S3 are the same or different and can be H. any one of a large number of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or un substit ...
... through Rs have the members necessary to make a porphyrin. chlorin. bacteriochlorin. benzochlorin, hydroxychlorin or hydroxybacteriochlorin nucleus. S1 through S3 are the same or different and can be H. any one of a large number of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or un substit ...
Wolff rearrangement
The Wolff rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an α-diazocarbonyl compound is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen with accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. The Wolff rearrangement yields a ketene as an intermediate product, which can undergo nucleophilic attack with weakly acidic nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, and amines, to generate carboxylic acid derivatives or undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions to form four-membered rings. The mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement has been the subject of debate since its first use. No single mechanism sufficiently describes the reaction, and there are often competing concerted and carbene-mediated pathways; for simplicity, only the textbook, concerted mechanism is shown below. The reaction was discovered by Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement has great synthetic utility due to the accessibility of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, variety of reactions from the ketene intermediate, and stereochemical retention of the migrating group. However, the Wolff rearrangement has limitations due to the highly reactive nature of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, which can undergo a variety of competing reactions.The Wolff rearrangement can be induced via thermolysis, photolysis, or transition metal catalysis. In this last case, the reaction is sensitive to the transition metal; silver (I) oxide or other Ag(I) catalysts work well and are generally used. The Wolff rearrangement has been used in many total syntheses; the most common use is trapping the ketene intermediate with nucleophiles to form carboxylic acid derivatives. The Arndt-Eistert homologation is a specific example of this use, wherein a carboxylic acid may be elongated by a methylene unit. Another common use is in ring-contraction methods; if the α-diazo ketone is cyclic, the Wolff rearrangement results in a ring-contracted product. The Wolff rearrangement works well in generating ring-strained systems, where other reactions may fail.