Climate: Observations, projections and impacts: Saudi Arabia
... climate has changed and will continue to change in future in response to human activities. Across the world, this is already being felt as changes to the local weather that people experience every day. Our ability to provide useful information to help everyone understand how their environment has ch ...
... climate has changed and will continue to change in future in response to human activities. Across the world, this is already being felt as changes to the local weather that people experience every day. Our ability to provide useful information to help everyone understand how their environment has ch ...
Explaining Extreme Events of 2013 from a Climate
... ABSTRACT—Stephanie C. Herring, Martin P. Hoerling, Thomas C. Peterson, and Peter A. Stott Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that o ...
... ABSTRACT—Stephanie C. Herring, Martin P. Hoerling, Thomas C. Peterson, and Peter A. Stott Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that o ...
complete collection in -format
... http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2001/suppl-2/177-184bernard/abstract.html Important paper from Johns Hopkins: Environmental Health Sciences. In 1990 Congress charged the U.S. Global Change Research Program to conduct periodic national assessment of the potential impacts of climate variability and ...
... http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2001/suppl-2/177-184bernard/abstract.html Important paper from Johns Hopkins: Environmental Health Sciences. In 1990 Congress charged the U.S. Global Change Research Program to conduct periodic national assessment of the potential impacts of climate variability and ...
European Journal of Legal Studies
... International Court of Justice based on the alleged violation of procedural rules, i.e., the lack of complete consensus. This raises the following interesting questions: What does consensus mean in international law? Are the Cancún decisions legally binding agreements? Usually, if the agreement is a ...
... International Court of Justice based on the alleged violation of procedural rules, i.e., the lack of complete consensus. This raises the following interesting questions: What does consensus mean in international law? Are the Cancún decisions legally binding agreements? Usually, if the agreement is a ...
as a PDF
... categories into which the data could be placed, followed by more specific subcategories which would lead to an exploration of whether there was a consistent sequence of visualisable events or issues to which public perceptions (determined by the quantitative aspect of the study) can be attributed, t ...
... categories into which the data could be placed, followed by more specific subcategories which would lead to an exploration of whether there was a consistent sequence of visualisable events or issues to which public perceptions (determined by the quantitative aspect of the study) can be attributed, t ...
explaining extreme events of 2013
... ABSTRACT—Stephanie C. Herring, Martin P. Hoerling, Thomas C. Peterson, and Peter A. Stott Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that o ...
... ABSTRACT—Stephanie C. Herring, Martin P. Hoerling, Thomas C. Peterson, and Peter A. Stott Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that o ...
Geoengineering and the Accusation of Hubris
... Nevertheless, the criticism of 'playing god' has noteworthy connotations. Why did some people criticise the introduction of, for example, IVF by using this formulation or the term of hubris? The more secular point seems to be that humans try to exceed the boundaries of their competence (Schöne-Seife ...
... Nevertheless, the criticism of 'playing god' has noteworthy connotations. Why did some people criticise the introduction of, for example, IVF by using this formulation or the term of hubris? The more secular point seems to be that humans try to exceed the boundaries of their competence (Schöne-Seife ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PRESERVING THE OCEAN
... The UN framework convention on climate change [UNFCCC, 1992] requires a stabilization of greenhouse gases at a level that will “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. Which stabilization level for greenhouse gases would avoid dangerous interference and whether this ri ...
... The UN framework convention on climate change [UNFCCC, 1992] requires a stabilization of greenhouse gases at a level that will “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. Which stabilization level for greenhouse gases would avoid dangerous interference and whether this ri ...
Geoengineering and the Accusation of Hubris
... Nevertheless, the criticism of 'playing god' has noteworthy connotations. Why did some people criticise the introduction of, for example, IVF by using this formulation or the term of hubris? The more secular point seems to be that humans try to exceed the boundaries of their competence (Schöne-Seife ...
... Nevertheless, the criticism of 'playing god' has noteworthy connotations. Why did some people criticise the introduction of, for example, IVF by using this formulation or the term of hubris? The more secular point seems to be that humans try to exceed the boundaries of their competence (Schöne-Seife ...
Sensitivity of East Asian Climate to the Progressive Uplift and
... avoid a termination of integration due to rapid change of topography. In this research, each experiment included full seasonal cycle and lasted 12 model years, and the results reported below were averaged for the last 10 years. Statistical significance was assessed by use of a student t-test (99% lev ...
... avoid a termination of integration due to rapid change of topography. In this research, each experiment included full seasonal cycle and lasted 12 model years, and the results reported below were averaged for the last 10 years. Statistical significance was assessed by use of a student t-test (99% lev ...
Preserving the Ocean Circulation
... The UN framework convention on climate change [UNFCCC, 1992] requires a stabilization of greenhouse gases at a level that will “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. Which stabilization level for greenhouse gases would avoid dangerous interference and whether this ri ...
... The UN framework convention on climate change [UNFCCC, 1992] requires a stabilization of greenhouse gases at a level that will “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. Which stabilization level for greenhouse gases would avoid dangerous interference and whether this ri ...
pdf
... of temperature ‘hot or cold snaps’ not captured by the temporal resolution of available temperature data. Finally, temperature often covaries with other factors that change seasonally, such as salinity or community composition; these may need to be accounted for in a model before a temperature effec ...
... of temperature ‘hot or cold snaps’ not captured by the temporal resolution of available temperature data. Finally, temperature often covaries with other factors that change seasonally, such as salinity or community composition; these may need to be accounted for in a model before a temperature effec ...
Climate Change Fact Sheet Series
... world, on land and at sea have revealed that during the last 100 years the Earth’s surface and lowest part of the atmosphere have warmed up on average by about 0.6oC. During this period, manmade emissions of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have increased, largel ...
... world, on land and at sea have revealed that during the last 100 years the Earth’s surface and lowest part of the atmosphere have warmed up on average by about 0.6oC. During this period, manmade emissions of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have increased, largel ...
Climate finance briefing: the global climate finance architecture
... Durban Platform, developed countries pledged to deliver finance approaching USD 30 billion between 2010 and 2012. While contributor countries at the end of the fast-start finance period selfreported that these targets were exceeded (Nakhooda, Fransen et al. 2013), the Paris Agreement reiterates that ...
... Durban Platform, developed countries pledged to deliver finance approaching USD 30 billion between 2010 and 2012. While contributor countries at the end of the fast-start finance period selfreported that these targets were exceeded (Nakhooda, Fransen et al. 2013), the Paris Agreement reiterates that ...
Anomalous winter winds decrease 2014 transition zone productivity
... Both loss of phytoplankton biomass and northward displacement of productive frontal regions can cause a wide variety of impacts on higher trophic levels. Modeling theorizes substantial displacements of fishes and top predators toward the poles over the next century as subtropical waters warm and beco ...
... Both loss of phytoplankton biomass and northward displacement of productive frontal regions can cause a wide variety of impacts on higher trophic levels. Modeling theorizes substantial displacements of fishes and top predators toward the poles over the next century as subtropical waters warm and beco ...
Heat in the Heartland - Union of Concerned Scientists
... back to the 1940s and 1950s, when complete digital weather records became available in those cities. We focused on weather systems called air masses: vast bodies of air that define the weather around us. We explored whether the number of days with dangerously hot summer air masses, which are linked ...
... back to the 1940s and 1950s, when complete digital weather records became available in those cities. We focused on weather systems called air masses: vast bodies of air that define the weather around us. We explored whether the number of days with dangerously hot summer air masses, which are linked ...
Early and mid-Holocene climate in the tropical Pacific: seasonal
... for several centuries before running the PI simulation. The MH simulation (mid-Holocene: 6 ka BP) and EH simulation (early Holocene: 9.5 ka BP) were forced with the same continental ice sheets and topography as in the PI simulation but account for the changes in the Earth’s orbital parameters (Marzi ...
... for several centuries before running the PI simulation. The MH simulation (mid-Holocene: 6 ka BP) and EH simulation (early Holocene: 9.5 ka BP) were forced with the same continental ice sheets and topography as in the PI simulation but account for the changes in the Earth’s orbital parameters (Marzi ...
On the persistent spread in snow-albedo feedback
... previous estimate of qap/qas would have the effect of reducing the estimated global impact of SAF somewhat (see Eq. (1)). However, since the bias is systematic, there is no reason to revise the more fundamental conclusion, drawn by both Qu and Hall (2006) and Donohoe and Battisti (2011), that very l ...
... previous estimate of qap/qas would have the effect of reducing the estimated global impact of SAF somewhat (see Eq. (1)). However, since the bias is systematic, there is no reason to revise the more fundamental conclusion, drawn by both Qu and Hall (2006) and Donohoe and Battisti (2011), that very l ...
Selecting and Using Climate Change Scenarios for British Columbia
... greenhouse gas emissions path for this century, calculated by a specific global climate model (GCM). A climate change scenario is based on the difference between the projected future and simulated present-day (baseline) climate. The combination of numerous emissions pathways and GCMs has resulted in ...
... greenhouse gas emissions path for this century, calculated by a specific global climate model (GCM). A climate change scenario is based on the difference between the projected future and simulated present-day (baseline) climate. The combination of numerous emissions pathways and GCMs has resulted in ...
A severe centennial-scale drought in mid
... Abstract: We present evidence from a variety of physical and biological proxies for a severe drought that affected the mid-continent of North America between 4.1 and 4.3 ka. Rapid climate changes associated with the event had large and widespread ecological effects, including dune reactivation, fore ...
... Abstract: We present evidence from a variety of physical and biological proxies for a severe drought that affected the mid-continent of North America between 4.1 and 4.3 ka. Rapid climate changes associated with the event had large and widespread ecological effects, including dune reactivation, fore ...
Climate
... heat) and water into the atmosphere, thereby affecting air temperature and moisture. Loss or alteration of vegetation can affect climate. Deforestation increases the albedo of the land surface, lowering the absorption of solar radiation and resulting in less heating. The lower heat gain is off ...
... heat) and water into the atmosphere, thereby affecting air temperature and moisture. Loss or alteration of vegetation can affect climate. Deforestation increases the albedo of the land surface, lowering the absorption of solar radiation and resulting in less heating. The lower heat gain is off ...
Multicentennial Agulhas leakage variability and links to North
... ~30 μg for stable isotope analysis, and ~400 μg reserved for replicate analyses as needed. Samples for minor and trace element analysis were cleaned following established protocols, including oxidation and reduction steps [Boyle and Keigwin, 1985; Mashiotta et al., 1999]. Elemental ratios of plankti ...
... ~30 μg for stable isotope analysis, and ~400 μg reserved for replicate analyses as needed. Samples for minor and trace element analysis were cleaned following established protocols, including oxidation and reduction steps [Boyle and Keigwin, 1985; Mashiotta et al., 1999]. Elemental ratios of plankti ...
The scientific and international context for the fifth
... We briefly revisit the key observations that show the world has been warming for several decades, and that this is mainly due to human activities rather than natural fluctuations. We then focus on impacts on human and natural systems: those already being observed, and potential future impacts which ...
... We briefly revisit the key observations that show the world has been warming for several decades, and that this is mainly due to human activities rather than natural fluctuations. We then focus on impacts on human and natural systems: those already being observed, and potential future impacts which ...
Seattle Public Library Talk
... From general principles one could argue BOTH for increasing and decreasing threats. ...
... From general principles one could argue BOTH for increasing and decreasing threats. ...
Global warming hiatus
A global warming hiatus, also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown, is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures. In the current episode of global warming many such periods are evident in the surface temperature record, along with robust evidence of the long term warming trend.The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006 assertions had been made that this showed that global warming had stopped. A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional, and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability, the rising temperature trend continued unabated. There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend, the IPCC included a section on a hiatus, which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012, than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012. Various studies examined possible causes of the short term slowdown. Even though the overall climate system had continued to accumulate energy due to Earth's positive energy budget, the available temperature readings at the earth's surface indicated slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade. Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space, the retained energy should be producing warming in at least one of the five parts of Earth's climate system.A July 2015 paper on the updated NOAA dataset cast doubt on the existence of this supposed hiatus, and found no indication of a slowdown. This analysis incorporated the latest corrections for known biases in ocean temperature measurements, and new land temperature data. Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study, though the view was expressed that the short term warming trend had been slower than in previous periods of the same length.