to get the file
... variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences (IPCC, 2001). Knowledge – a pre-requisite for adaptation. “Formulation of adaptation measures requires how to utilize and enhance local and indigenous resilience practices ...
... variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences (IPCC, 2001). Knowledge – a pre-requisite for adaptation. “Formulation of adaptation measures requires how to utilize and enhance local and indigenous resilience practices ...
- USP Electronic Research Repository
... region for the last 16 years Most Pacific islanders are fully aware that the sea level is controlled by many factors; these include the periodic tides, the more occasional violent outcome of cyclones and the prolonged effects of El Niño. All of these changes have a direct effect on their lives. The ...
... region for the last 16 years Most Pacific islanders are fully aware that the sea level is controlled by many factors; these include the periodic tides, the more occasional violent outcome of cyclones and the prolonged effects of El Niño. All of these changes have a direct effect on their lives. The ...
How reversible is sea ice loss?
... 7 ◦ C (Ridley et al., 2008). For the Antarctic, the sea ice extent has seen a slight increase since the 1970s (Turner et al., 2009), and although climate models can simulate this, the model uncertainty is greater than in the Arctic (Arzel et al., 2006). The pattern of sea ice change is related to th ...
... 7 ◦ C (Ridley et al., 2008). For the Antarctic, the sea ice extent has seen a slight increase since the 1970s (Turner et al., 2009), and although climate models can simulate this, the model uncertainty is greater than in the Arctic (Arzel et al., 2006). The pattern of sea ice change is related to th ...
Chapter 3: Climate Projections for the Future
... rainfall and sea-level rise. Different models give slightly different answers to these questions, so statements about future climate change are generally given as a range, sometimes with a best estimate, not as a single figure. Natural climate variability, solar radiation, and volcanic eruptions wil ...
... rainfall and sea-level rise. Different models give slightly different answers to these questions, so statements about future climate change are generally given as a range, sometimes with a best estimate, not as a single figure. Natural climate variability, solar radiation, and volcanic eruptions wil ...
A Modelling Study on the Variability of Global Storm Activity on Time
... which is lacking in the pre-industrial period in H2. Since during the industrially influenced period the GHG concentrations first have to increase until they reach present day conditions, the increase simulated for the most recent past has not yet an effect on the time mean. Finally, we analyze the ...
... which is lacking in the pre-industrial period in H2. Since during the industrially influenced period the GHG concentrations first have to increase until they reach present day conditions, the increase simulated for the most recent past has not yet an effect on the time mean. Finally, we analyze the ...
Increase in temperature
... on temperature helps to monitor changes in the microclimate and to predict future ...
... on temperature helps to monitor changes in the microclimate and to predict future ...
Forging a More Effective Global Climate Treaty
... without necessarily paying full fare. How can this be accomplished?9 At first sight, a trigger mechanism appears to be required, whereby developing countries would be obligated to take on binding commitments only when their per capita gross domestic product (GDP) reached agreed levels. But there is ...
... without necessarily paying full fare. How can this be accomplished?9 At first sight, a trigger mechanism appears to be required, whereby developing countries would be obligated to take on binding commitments only when their per capita gross domestic product (GDP) reached agreed levels. But there is ...
Theoretical mechanism for natural radiative forcing of El Nino
... El Niño-Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium, Nature, 424, 271-276, 2003. ...
... El Niño-Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium, Nature, 424, 271-276, 2003. ...
NASA Research Strategy for Earth System Science
... a. The global water cycle According to model predictions, the most significant manifestation of climate change for humans and the environment is an intensification of the global water cycle, leading to increased global precipitation, faster evaporation, and a general exacerbation of extreme hydrolog ...
... a. The global water cycle According to model predictions, the most significant manifestation of climate change for humans and the environment is an intensification of the global water cycle, leading to increased global precipitation, faster evaporation, and a general exacerbation of extreme hydrolog ...
Global megatrends - Eionet Forum
... interdependent trends visible today that are expected to extend over the decades, changing slowly and exerting considerable force that will influence a wide array of areas including social, technologic, economic, environmental and political dimensions (in Europe until 2050). ...
... interdependent trends visible today that are expected to extend over the decades, changing slowly and exerting considerable force that will influence a wide array of areas including social, technologic, economic, environmental and political dimensions (in Europe until 2050). ...
Geographies of Race and Food
... deep divisions through the negotiating parties at the 2009 COP 15 summit at Copenhagen, and it is likely to become increasingly intense as the impacts of climate change grow more severe. In April 2010, the British lawyer, Polly Higgins added to the debates about global responsibilities for climate c ...
... deep divisions through the negotiating parties at the 2009 COP 15 summit at Copenhagen, and it is likely to become increasingly intense as the impacts of climate change grow more severe. In April 2010, the British lawyer, Polly Higgins added to the debates about global responsibilities for climate c ...
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE
... PAGES Open Science Meeting, Beijing, August 2005. In addition, a web-based data system had been established at the PAGES Project Office. During discussion, it was felt that there was a need to involve more PAGES scientists in PMIP studies. Prof. Valdes commented that the main requirement the PAGES c ...
... PAGES Open Science Meeting, Beijing, August 2005. In addition, a web-based data system had been established at the PAGES Project Office. During discussion, it was felt that there was a need to involve more PAGES scientists in PMIP studies. Prof. Valdes commented that the main requirement the PAGES c ...
The contribution of Portuguese agriculture to the climate
... models for climate change for the 2080-2100 period estimated a significant increase in the mean air temperature, with an increase of about 4 ºC for the maximum temperature in summer in coastal areas and 7 ºC in the interior, and an increase of heat waves frequency and intensity, fire risks, and land ...
... models for climate change for the 2080-2100 period estimated a significant increase in the mean air temperature, with an increase of about 4 ºC for the maximum temperature in summer in coastal areas and 7 ºC in the interior, and an increase of heat waves frequency and intensity, fire risks, and land ...
Climate system and impacts in the Mediterranean Basin
... Climate change is occurring and is not avoidable, so now the challenge is to manage what is unavoidable (adaptation) and avoid what we can not manage (mitigation) ...
... Climate change is occurring and is not avoidable, so now the challenge is to manage what is unavoidable (adaptation) and avoid what we can not manage (mitigation) ...
climate change in the american mind
... participants were asked about their issue priorities for the new administration and Congress, support and opposition regarding climate change and energy policies, levels of political and consumer activism, and beliefs about the reality and risks of global warming. Overall, the survey found that conc ...
... participants were asked about their issue priorities for the new administration and Congress, support and opposition regarding climate change and energy policies, levels of political and consumer activism, and beliefs about the reality and risks of global warming. Overall, the survey found that conc ...
Chapter 5: Pacific Island Developing Country Water Resources and
... (Falkland and Custodio 1991). In those rare cases where surface water is found on low islands, it is likely to be in the form of shallow, often brackish lakes (UNEP 1998). On some high islands in the Pacific, surface water is the predominant source of fresh water because gravity-fed water systems ar ...
... (Falkland and Custodio 1991). In those rare cases where surface water is found on low islands, it is likely to be in the form of shallow, often brackish lakes (UNEP 1998). On some high islands in the Pacific, surface water is the predominant source of fresh water because gravity-fed water systems ar ...
Please click on this link
... interpreting new documentary and natural climate proxy evidence allow a better insight into past spatiotemporal high resolution climate/extremes and related socio-economic impacts. In this talk we provide a first multiproxy-based real-world product for the Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling (BHM) formal ...
... interpreting new documentary and natural climate proxy evidence allow a better insight into past spatiotemporal high resolution climate/extremes and related socio-economic impacts. In this talk we provide a first multiproxy-based real-world product for the Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling (BHM) formal ...
How do the clouds form?
... • When an air parcel rises, the cooling rate of the parcel (adiabatic lapse rate or ALR) relative to the cooling rate of surrounding atmosphere (environmental lapse rate or ELR) determines the “stability” of a parcel. ...
... • When an air parcel rises, the cooling rate of the parcel (adiabatic lapse rate or ALR) relative to the cooling rate of surrounding atmosphere (environmental lapse rate or ELR) determines the “stability” of a parcel. ...
Abrupt Climate Change: The Next Major Challenge
... expansions of ocean ice cover (Mayewski et al., 1994). The most recent, notably large abrupt climate change event observed in marine and ice core records is the Younger Dryas (YD), a return to near-glacial conditions that punctuated the last deglaciation. GISP2 high-resolution, continuous glacioche ...
... expansions of ocean ice cover (Mayewski et al., 1994). The most recent, notably large abrupt climate change event observed in marine and ice core records is the Younger Dryas (YD), a return to near-glacial conditions that punctuated the last deglaciation. GISP2 high-resolution, continuous glacioche ...
Climate change impacts on global agricultural land availability
... 30%, 30–45%, and >45%. The slope files contain eight maps, in which the color-coded value of each pixel represents the percentage, by area, belonging to a particular slope class. The land-use data are obtained from the remotely sensed land-cover database from the International Geosphere–Biosphere Pr ...
... 30%, 30–45%, and >45%. The slope files contain eight maps, in which the color-coded value of each pixel represents the percentage, by area, belonging to a particular slope class. The land-use data are obtained from the remotely sensed land-cover database from the International Geosphere–Biosphere Pr ...
Observed and Simulated HIRS Diurnal Cycles
... • Model sampling – same orbits and only data when HIRS instrument functioning. Clear sky when model cloud less than 40%. • Two models. HadGEM-2A (state-of-the-art) and ...
... • Model sampling – same orbits and only data when HIRS instrument functioning. Clear sky when model cloud less than 40%. • Two models. HadGEM-2A (state-of-the-art) and ...
Reference Document - World Health Organization
... projected changes above the 1961-1990 period, smoothed with a 30-year Gaussian filter. The multimodel mean is the average across about 20 models (thick line). The figures also show each model individually as well as the 90% model range (shaded) as a measure of uncertainty and, where available, the a ...
... projected changes above the 1961-1990 period, smoothed with a 30-year Gaussian filter. The multimodel mean is the average across about 20 models (thick line). The figures also show each model individually as well as the 90% model range (shaded) as a measure of uncertainty and, where available, the a ...
Rapid Climate Change Report
... Foreword Since our first report on climate change, ‘Adapt or Bust’, we have seen the most conclusive evidence yet that the climate’s current warming trend is directly linked to human activity. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has effectively closed the debate, and the latest science sug ...
... Foreword Since our first report on climate change, ‘Adapt or Bust’, we have seen the most conclusive evidence yet that the climate’s current warming trend is directly linked to human activity. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has effectively closed the debate, and the latest science sug ...
Global warming hiatus
A global warming hiatus, also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown, is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures. In the current episode of global warming many such periods are evident in the surface temperature record, along with robust evidence of the long term warming trend.The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006 assertions had been made that this showed that global warming had stopped. A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional, and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability, the rising temperature trend continued unabated. There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend, the IPCC included a section on a hiatus, which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012, than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012. Various studies examined possible causes of the short term slowdown. Even though the overall climate system had continued to accumulate energy due to Earth's positive energy budget, the available temperature readings at the earth's surface indicated slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade. Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space, the retained energy should be producing warming in at least one of the five parts of Earth's climate system.A July 2015 paper on the updated NOAA dataset cast doubt on the existence of this supposed hiatus, and found no indication of a slowdown. This analysis incorporated the latest corrections for known biases in ocean temperature measurements, and new land temperature data. Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study, though the view was expressed that the short term warming trend had been slower than in previous periods of the same length.