8 derived traits shared by (most) land plants but lacking in
... Figure 29.21 Pteridophytes (seedless vascular plants): Lycopodium (a club "moss“, top left), Psilotum (a whisk fern, top right), Equisetum (a horsetail, bottom left), fern (bottom right). The latter three represent phylum Pterophyta, and Lycopodium represents phylum Lycophyta. Another genus in Lycop ...
... Figure 29.21 Pteridophytes (seedless vascular plants): Lycopodium (a club "moss“, top left), Psilotum (a whisk fern, top right), Equisetum (a horsetail, bottom left), fern (bottom right). The latter three represent phylum Pterophyta, and Lycopodium represents phylum Lycophyta. Another genus in Lycop ...
Fuchsia
... Carolina, they are unlikely to bloom indoors for more than three or four months at a time. The flowers appear in pairs from each leaf axil on thin, usually drooping 1- to 2-inch long stalks. Each bloom is comprised of four (sometimes more) arching sepals (outermost portion of the bloom), one or more ...
... Carolina, they are unlikely to bloom indoors for more than three or four months at a time. The flowers appear in pairs from each leaf axil on thin, usually drooping 1- to 2-inch long stalks. Each bloom is comprised of four (sometimes more) arching sepals (outermost portion of the bloom), one or more ...
Who`s the Father? Dihybrid
... encases several seeds. The leaves and flowers slowly wilt and fall off, one by one. After the seeds have dried out completely, they are ready to be planted or stored. Inside each seed is a tiny embryo, waiting for water and warmth so it can germinate into a new plant, and another life cycle can begi ...
... encases several seeds. The leaves and flowers slowly wilt and fall off, one by one. After the seeds have dried out completely, they are ready to be planted or stored. Inside each seed is a tiny embryo, waiting for water and warmth so it can germinate into a new plant, and another life cycle can begi ...
27 - FacultyWeb Support Center
... the placenta takes over at about 3 months Establishing the Ovarian Cycle • During childhood, ovaries grow and secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRH • As puberty nears, GnRH is released; FSH and LH are released by the pituitary, and act on the ovaries • Thes ...
... the placenta takes over at about 3 months Establishing the Ovarian Cycle • During childhood, ovaries grow and secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRH • As puberty nears, GnRH is released; FSH and LH are released by the pituitary, and act on the ovaries • Thes ...
1 • The ear ( vestibulo-acoustic organs ) consists of vestibular
... three rows and are lodged between the outer pillar cells and outer phalangeal cells. In human, the fourth row may be found near the apex of the cochlea. • The cochlear nerve fibers starting from the spiral ganglion run laterally, as the myelinated nerve fibers, through the space between two laminae ...
... three rows and are lodged between the outer pillar cells and outer phalangeal cells. In human, the fourth row may be found near the apex of the cochlea. • The cochlear nerve fibers starting from the spiral ganglion run laterally, as the myelinated nerve fibers, through the space between two laminae ...
Differential Expression of Members of the
... band, respectively (data not shown). This is the first report to our knowledge describing most of these Arabidopsis annexins; thus, it was informative to analyze their expression patterns. For this purpose, total RNA was extracted from leaves, stems, flowers, and roots and was analyzed by RTPCR. As ...
... band, respectively (data not shown). This is the first report to our knowledge describing most of these Arabidopsis annexins; thus, it was informative to analyze their expression patterns. For this purpose, total RNA was extracted from leaves, stems, flowers, and roots and was analyzed by RTPCR. As ...
The Florigen Genes FT and TSF Modulate
... loss-of-function mutations of FT and TSF During the course of study of the four floral pathway integrator genes, ft-1; tsf-1; lfy-1; soc1-2 quadruple mutants were generated. Under LD photoperiods, unlike the previously reported co; ga1; fca triple mutants which neither bolted nor flowered without ve ...
... loss-of-function mutations of FT and TSF During the course of study of the four floral pathway integrator genes, ft-1; tsf-1; lfy-1; soc1-2 quadruple mutants were generated. Under LD photoperiods, unlike the previously reported co; ga1; fca triple mutants which neither bolted nor flowered without ve ...
Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants
... (i) Various parts of plants are modified into underground structures to perform various functions such as stems, leaves, and even fruits. The stems in ginger and banana are underground and swollen due to storage of food. They are called rhizomes. Similarly, corm is an underground stem in Colocasia a ...
... (i) Various parts of plants are modified into underground structures to perform various functions such as stems, leaves, and even fruits. The stems in ginger and banana are underground and swollen due to storage of food. They are called rhizomes. Similarly, corm is an underground stem in Colocasia a ...
Abstract Nymphaea and Nuphar (Nymphaeaceae)
... leaves arising from this rooted tuber consist of cylindrical stalks (petioles) up to 1.2 m long. Their base is provided with two attached lateral stipules that are fused to some degree along the adaxial leaf insertion zone (Figs. 2a, 4e, f). Stipules of mature leaves are attached to a slightly broad ...
... leaves arising from this rooted tuber consist of cylindrical stalks (petioles) up to 1.2 m long. Their base is provided with two attached lateral stipules that are fused to some degree along the adaxial leaf insertion zone (Figs. 2a, 4e, f). Stipules of mature leaves are attached to a slightly broad ...
Characteristic Thickened Cell Walls of the Bracts
... cells exhibited birefringence. Characteristic thickened secondary cell walls have orientated cellulose microfibrils as well as general secondary cell walls of the tracheary elements. For comparison, these characters were not observed in the petal and bract tissues of Chrysanthemum morifolium. † Conc ...
... cells exhibited birefringence. Characteristic thickened secondary cell walls have orientated cellulose microfibrils as well as general secondary cell walls of the tracheary elements. For comparison, these characters were not observed in the petal and bract tissues of Chrysanthemum morifolium. † Conc ...
Plants - Austin Community College
... therefore, in multicelled organisms groups of cells become specialized to perform a specific function eg. protection, photosynthesis, support, etc !more efficient !division of labor !but all become dependent on each other can no longer survive alone ...
... therefore, in multicelled organisms groups of cells become specialized to perform a specific function eg. protection, photosynthesis, support, etc !more efficient !division of labor !but all become dependent on each other can no longer survive alone ...
Label Simple Leaf External Anatomy
... axil - the angle between the upper side petiole - a leaf stalk; it attaches the leaf to the plant. of the stem and a leaf or petiole. stem - (also called the axis) the main support of the plant. lamina - the blade of a leaf. stipule - the small, paired appendages (sometimes leaf-life) that are leaf ...
... axil - the angle between the upper side petiole - a leaf stalk; it attaches the leaf to the plant. of the stem and a leaf or petiole. stem - (also called the axis) the main support of the plant. lamina - the blade of a leaf. stipule - the small, paired appendages (sometimes leaf-life) that are leaf ...
Fungal Plant Pathogen
... reproduction usually occurs by means of mitosis which produce mitotic spores, mycelial fragmentation, fission and budding. With asexual reproduction the repeating cycles of infection can continue throughout the growing season. Asexual spores may be classified as oidia (formed by fragmentation of hyp ...
... reproduction usually occurs by means of mitosis which produce mitotic spores, mycelial fragmentation, fission and budding. With asexual reproduction the repeating cycles of infection can continue throughout the growing season. Asexual spores may be classified as oidia (formed by fragmentation of hyp ...
Evaluating Hail Damage to Soybeans
... stages. The vegetative stages are numbered according to how many fully developed trifoliate leaves are present. The reproductive (R) stages begin at flowering and include pod development, seed development, and plant maturation. Determinate soybeans cease vegetative growth when flowering begins; inde ...
... stages. The vegetative stages are numbered according to how many fully developed trifoliate leaves are present. The reproductive (R) stages begin at flowering and include pod development, seed development, and plant maturation. Determinate soybeans cease vegetative growth when flowering begins; inde ...
Growth Stage and Diagnostics
... Corn reaches physiological maturity (R6) when kernels accumulate maximum dry matter, the hard starch layer has advanced completely to the cob and by the formation of a brown or black layer at the base of the kernel. Kernels on the ear will mature progressively from the tip to the base. Once the blac ...
... Corn reaches physiological maturity (R6) when kernels accumulate maximum dry matter, the hard starch layer has advanced completely to the cob and by the formation of a brown or black layer at the base of the kernel. Kernels on the ear will mature progressively from the tip to the base. Once the blac ...
Role of Petal-Specific Orcinol O-Methyltransferases
... by Scalliet et al. (2002). After cleavage of the glutathione S-transferase moiety, purified recombinant OOMT1 was used to immunize rabbits. Note that this antibody recognizes both OOMT1 and the closely related OOMT2 protein, but not the more distantly related caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (access ...
... by Scalliet et al. (2002). After cleavage of the glutathione S-transferase moiety, purified recombinant OOMT1 was used to immunize rabbits. Note that this antibody recognizes both OOMT1 and the closely related OOMT2 protein, but not the more distantly related caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (access ...
Fuchsia pachyrrhiza (Onagraceae), a Tuberous
... ion cells. Most of the secondary phloem is phloem ray parenchyma, but parenchyma pre dominates in fascicular regions as well. Simi larly, secondary xylem consists of thin-walled ray parenchyma separating fascicular areas con taining angular, often squarish vessels that are widely separated from each ...
... ion cells. Most of the secondary phloem is phloem ray parenchyma, but parenchyma pre dominates in fascicular regions as well. Simi larly, secondary xylem consists of thin-walled ray parenchyma separating fascicular areas con taining angular, often squarish vessels that are widely separated from each ...
Paullinia pinnata (Sapindaceae) The plant Plant parts used
... induce arterial relaxation. This could indicate that this arterial relaxation was mediated by the endothelial nitric oxide release. Therefore it can be argued, that both extracts have the capacity to inhibit nitric oxide oxidation through their antioxidant properties. Furthermore both extracts induc ...
... induce arterial relaxation. This could indicate that this arterial relaxation was mediated by the endothelial nitric oxide release. Therefore it can be argued, that both extracts have the capacity to inhibit nitric oxide oxidation through their antioxidant properties. Furthermore both extracts induc ...
Balance between cell division and differentiation during plant
... (Castellano, et al., 2001; Castellano, et al., 2004). In these cases, phosphorylation seems to be a necessary step to target these proteins for proteasome-mediated proteolysis, a mechanism that applies to other plant cell cycle regulators, e.g. E2Fc (del Pozo, et al., 2002a). Transition through G2 a ...
... (Castellano, et al., 2001; Castellano, et al., 2004). In these cases, phosphorylation seems to be a necessary step to target these proteins for proteasome-mediated proteolysis, a mechanism that applies to other plant cell cycle regulators, e.g. E2Fc (del Pozo, et al., 2002a). Transition through G2 a ...
New Invasives Flyer
... perennial herb. First-year plants form low-growing rosettes. Flowering stems leafy, 1 – 2 feet tall with wiry, hoary branches. Leaves grayish, hairy, deeply cut with narrow lobes. Flowers thistle-like, pink to purple. Flower base covered by black-tipped bracts. Threatens savannas, grasslands, sand d ...
... perennial herb. First-year plants form low-growing rosettes. Flowering stems leafy, 1 – 2 feet tall with wiry, hoary branches. Leaves grayish, hairy, deeply cut with narrow lobes. Flowers thistle-like, pink to purple. Flower base covered by black-tipped bracts. Threatens savannas, grasslands, sand d ...
Alternative Photosynthesis
... Closing the stomata during the day prevents water loss, but also prevents CO2 from entering the leaves. ...
... Closing the stomata during the day prevents water loss, but also prevents CO2 from entering the leaves. ...
Basic Pansy Culture Tutorial
... such as summer pansies, by delaying flowering and increasing branching. Research is showing that humidity plays a greater role in Florel‟s efficacy than temperature between 50–86º F/10-30ºC as it relates to keeping the leaf wet for greater absorption. Florel is a signal compound that turns on the pl ...
... such as summer pansies, by delaying flowering and increasing branching. Research is showing that humidity plays a greater role in Florel‟s efficacy than temperature between 50–86º F/10-30ºC as it relates to keeping the leaf wet for greater absorption. Florel is a signal compound that turns on the pl ...
Alternative Methods of Carbon Fixation
... Closing the stomata during the day prevents water loss, but also prevents CO2 from entering the leaves. ...
... Closing the stomata during the day prevents water loss, but also prevents CO2 from entering the leaves. ...
Reproductive System Part B
... Mesometrium – portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterus laterally Lateral cervical ligaments – extend from the cervix and superior part of the vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis Uterosacral ligaments – paired ligaments that secure the uterus to the sacrum Round ligaments – bind t ...
... Mesometrium – portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterus laterally Lateral cervical ligaments – extend from the cervix and superior part of the vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis Uterosacral ligaments – paired ligaments that secure the uterus to the sacrum Round ligaments – bind t ...
BIO 101 INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY I THE CELL A cell may be
... Mitochondria: There organelles are conspicuous organelles present in nearly all eukaryotic cells. They are diverse in size, number and shape, some are rodlike, and others are more or less spherical. They may be scattered uniformly the cytoplasm, or they may be localized near cell surfaces and other ...
... Mitochondria: There organelles are conspicuous organelles present in nearly all eukaryotic cells. They are diverse in size, number and shape, some are rodlike, and others are more or less spherical. They may be scattered uniformly the cytoplasm, or they may be localized near cell surfaces and other ...
Meristem
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.Meristematic cells give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers, while the root apical meristem (RAM) provides the meristematic cells for the future root growth. SAM and RAM cells divide rapidly and are considered indeterminate, in that they do not possess any defined end status. In that sense, the meristematic cells are frequently compared to the stem cells in animals, which have an analogous behavior and function.The term meristem was first used in 1858 by Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891) in his book Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik. It is derived from the Greek word merizein (μερίζειν), meaning to divide, in recognition of its inherent function.In general, differentiated plant cells cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Therefore, cell division in the meristem is required to provide new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and initiation of new organs, providing the basic structure of the plant body.Meristematic cells are incompletely or not at all differentiated, and are capable of continued cellular division (youthful). Furthermore, the cells are small and protoplasm fills the cell completely. The vacuoles are extremely small. The cytoplasm does not contain differentiated plastids (chloroplasts or chromoplasts), although they are present in rudimentary form (proplastids). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular cavities. The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall.Maintenance of the cells requires a balance between two antagonistic processes: organ initiation and stem cell population renewal.Apical meristems are the completely undifferentiated (indeterminate) meristems in a plant. These differentiate into three kinds of primary meristems. The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary meristem types. These secondary meristems are also known as lateral meristems because they are involved in lateral growth.At the meristem summit, there is a small group of slowly dividing cells, which is commonly called the central zone. Cells of this zone have a stem cell function and are essential for meristem maintenance. The proliferation and growth rates at the meristem summit usually differ considerably from those at the periphery.Meristems also are induced in the roots of legumes such as soybean, Lotus japonicus, pea, and Medicago truncatula after infection with soil bacteria commonly called Rhizobium. Cells of the inner or outer cortex in the so-called ""window of nodulation"" just behind the developing root tip are induced to divide. The critical signal substance is the lipo-oligosaccharide Nod-factor, decorated with side groups to allow specificity of interaction. The Nod factor receptor proteins NFR1 and NFR5 were cloned from several legumes including Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and soybean (Glycine max). Regulation of nodule meristems utilizes long distance regulation commonly called ""Autoregulation of Nodulation"" (AON). This process involves a leaf-vascular tissue located LRR receptor kinases (LjHAR1, GmNARK and MtSUNN), CLE peptide signalling, and KAPP interaction, similar to that seen in the CLV1,2,3 system. LjKLAVIER also exhibits a nodule regulation phenotype though it is not yet known how this relates to the other AON receptor kinases.