R2101 Feb 2016 including examiners comments
... Write your answers legibly in the lined space provided. It is NOT necessary that all lined space is used in answering the questions; ...
... Write your answers legibly in the lined space provided. It is NOT necessary that all lined space is used in answering the questions; ...
Na+ Tolerance and Na+ Transport in Higher Plants
... in tolerance. Another unusual feature of the mutagenesis studies published to date is that genes shown to affect salinity tolerance encode proteins involved in cytosolic or transport processesÐwe know of no transcription factors that have yet been identi®ed from mutant screens. This is in stark cont ...
... in tolerance. Another unusual feature of the mutagenesis studies published to date is that genes shown to affect salinity tolerance encode proteins involved in cytosolic or transport processesÐwe know of no transcription factors that have yet been identi®ed from mutant screens. This is in stark cont ...
Molecular control of secondary growth in the Arabidopsis stem
... Crossings with Arabidopsis thaliana........................................................................................... 53 Genotyping of Arabidopsis thaliana ........................................................................................... 53 Genotyping of insertion lines .......... ...
... Crossings with Arabidopsis thaliana........................................................................................... 53 Genotyping of Arabidopsis thaliana ........................................................................................... 53 Genotyping of insertion lines .......... ...
RHS Level 2 Past Paper R2101
... and generic names are often too vague and cannot be rewarded in the positive manner that genus, species and where appropriate, variety/cultivar can. This is particularly important when answering questions relating to particular (named) plant(s). Marks can only be awarded for these narratives where t ...
... and generic names are often too vague and cannot be rewarded in the positive manner that genus, species and where appropriate, variety/cultivar can. This is particularly important when answering questions relating to particular (named) plant(s). Marks can only be awarded for these narratives where t ...
The MADS-Domain Protein AGAMOUS-Like 15
... both a DNA-binding and dimerization domain (for review, see Riechmann and Meyerowitz, 1997). MADSdomain proteins are found in plants, animals, and fungi and often play critical roles in the control of development. In Arabidopsis and snapdragon, for example, proteins such as APETALA1/SQUAMOSA, AGAMOU ...
... both a DNA-binding and dimerization domain (for review, see Riechmann and Meyerowitz, 1997). MADSdomain proteins are found in plants, animals, and fungi and often play critical roles in the control of development. In Arabidopsis and snapdragon, for example, proteins such as APETALA1/SQUAMOSA, AGAMOU ...
Light-Regulated, Tissue-Specific, and Cell Differentiation
... clear whether different genes are involved in the Fe(III) reduction process in different tissues. In the Arabidopsis genome, a FRO gene family with eight putative members was recently identified (Wu et al., 2005). These genes display distinctive expression patterns, including in roots (AtFRO2 and At ...
... clear whether different genes are involved in the Fe(III) reduction process in different tissues. In the Arabidopsis genome, a FRO gene family with eight putative members was recently identified (Wu et al., 2005). These genes display distinctive expression patterns, including in roots (AtFRO2 and At ...
Plant Physiology
... How do roots take up water and nutrients Almost all the water the plant takes up from the soil enters through the youngest part of the root where the root hairs develop a few millimetres behind the root tip. Absorption takes place directly through the epidermis and root hairs that provide an enormou ...
... How do roots take up water and nutrients Almost all the water the plant takes up from the soil enters through the youngest part of the root where the root hairs develop a few millimetres behind the root tip. Absorption takes place directly through the epidermis and root hairs that provide an enormou ...
Common Mullein - Nature Manitoba
... biennial wildflower, solitary or in a small assembly, averages 114 (34–244) cm tall, most parts covered with multi-branched hairs, soft to touch; taproot rough, branched, flower 5–30 cm long by 2–26 mm wide; side roots 3–15 cm long by ripening 0.5–1.3 mm wide; in grassy fields, gravelly railway slop ...
... biennial wildflower, solitary or in a small assembly, averages 114 (34–244) cm tall, most parts covered with multi-branched hairs, soft to touch; taproot rough, branched, flower 5–30 cm long by 2–26 mm wide; side roots 3–15 cm long by ripening 0.5–1.3 mm wide; in grassy fields, gravelly railway slop ...
Altered gravitropic response, amyloplast sedimentation and
... implies that the endodermis is essential for shoot gravitropism and that it is most likely the site of gravity sensing in the shoot. The most widely accepted model for gravity perception is the starch-statolith theory (reviewed in Sack 1997). It states that gravity-sensing cells (statocytes) contain ...
... implies that the endodermis is essential for shoot gravitropism and that it is most likely the site of gravity sensing in the shoot. The most widely accepted model for gravity perception is the starch-statolith theory (reviewed in Sack 1997). It states that gravity-sensing cells (statocytes) contain ...
Flower.fruit.inflorshort
... The vast majority of flowering plants possess flowers in clusters called an inflorescence. These clusters facilitate pollination via a prominent visual display and more efficient pollen uptake and deposition. ...
... The vast majority of flowering plants possess flowers in clusters called an inflorescence. These clusters facilitate pollination via a prominent visual display and more efficient pollen uptake and deposition. ...
Abstract Book New model systems for early land plant evolution
... mechanism for organisms to adapt, both within and between generations. Neither the extent to which this occurs, nor the molecular mechanisms involved are known. We investigated expression and DNA methylation variation in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown at two different temperatures. Enviro ...
... mechanism for organisms to adapt, both within and between generations. Neither the extent to which this occurs, nor the molecular mechanisms involved are known. We investigated expression and DNA methylation variation in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown at two different temperatures. Enviro ...
Regulating Vascular Differentiation, Lateral Root
... root junctions (Aloni and Plotkin, 1985) and around wounds in parenchyma or cambium (Sachs, 1981; Aloni, 2004). Vascular development in a plant continues as long as the plant grows from apical and lateral meristems. The continuous development of new vascular tissues enables regeneration of the plant ...
... root junctions (Aloni and Plotkin, 1985) and around wounds in parenchyma or cambium (Sachs, 1981; Aloni, 2004). Vascular development in a plant continues as long as the plant grows from apical and lateral meristems. The continuous development of new vascular tissues enables regeneration of the plant ...
Root system of seabuckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.)
... cluster roots (CRs). Different patterns of root system were found at genotype level; Pk, a wild accession of H. rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica originating from unfertile soils, produced more CRs than cultivars BHi10726 and Sunny with a breeding history in fertile soils. Reduced availability of phospho ...
... cluster roots (CRs). Different patterns of root system were found at genotype level; Pk, a wild accession of H. rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica originating from unfertile soils, produced more CRs than cultivars BHi10726 and Sunny with a breeding history in fertile soils. Reduced availability of phospho ...
Grow Native! Field Guide - Pierce Cedar Creek Institute
... Minute backward-pointing barbed bristles at the base of the spines are nearly impossible to remove from skin. The only cactus widespread in the eastern U.S. Yellow flowers turn into edible purple/red fruits called tunas (“prickly pears”). Wild Indigo Baptisia tinctoria Fabaceae (Pea) Family May-Sept ...
... Minute backward-pointing barbed bristles at the base of the spines are nearly impossible to remove from skin. The only cactus widespread in the eastern U.S. Yellow flowers turn into edible purple/red fruits called tunas (“prickly pears”). Wild Indigo Baptisia tinctoria Fabaceae (Pea) Family May-Sept ...
Reproduction in Angiosperms
... transverse manner into two or tree parts. These parts are planted in soil in vertical manner. For quick rooting the rooting hormone can be applied to the end which is in the soil. In this technique the formation of adventitious buds is of equal importance. Root cutting: The root cuttings from lemon, ...
... transverse manner into two or tree parts. These parts are planted in soil in vertical manner. For quick rooting the rooting hormone can be applied to the end which is in the soil. In this technique the formation of adventitious buds is of equal importance. Root cutting: The root cuttings from lemon, ...
Kingdom Plantae - f
... branch and stem is mostly vascular tissue (secondary xylem and secondary phloem). These tissues have been produced by a layer of dividing cells called the vascular cambium, located between the bark and the wood. Secondary xylem is produced toward the center, creating the wood, while secondary phloem ...
... branch and stem is mostly vascular tissue (secondary xylem and secondary phloem). These tissues have been produced by a layer of dividing cells called the vascular cambium, located between the bark and the wood. Secondary xylem is produced toward the center, creating the wood, while secondary phloem ...
New Invaders Watch List - New Invaders Watch Program
... • Leaves alternate, dark green, serrated, and round (upper right) (although young leaves may be narrower, like American Bittersweet). • Fruits greenish yellow to tan when ripe, grow on short stalks in groups of 2–3 from leaf axils along the stem and branches (see left drawing). • Seeds are surrou ...
... • Leaves alternate, dark green, serrated, and round (upper right) (although young leaves may be narrower, like American Bittersweet). • Fruits greenish yellow to tan when ripe, grow on short stalks in groups of 2–3 from leaf axils along the stem and branches (see left drawing). • Seeds are surrou ...
Full text - Dr.BGR publications
... diameter in thick. The main roots are brownish outer and creamy interior and bear fiber similar secondary roots having acrid taste and biter (Anonymous 1982). Roots are stout, fleshy and whitish brown in colour. Leaves sim-ple, petiolate, elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, entire, exstipulate, cunate ...
... diameter in thick. The main roots are brownish outer and creamy interior and bear fiber similar secondary roots having acrid taste and biter (Anonymous 1982). Roots are stout, fleshy and whitish brown in colour. Leaves sim-ple, petiolate, elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, entire, exstipulate, cunate ...
The leaf الورقة First Question: Choose the correct answer: 1) Petioles
... allow the plant float above the water surface : a. Buoyant leaves . b. Grasping leaves . c. Protective leaves . d. Storage leaves . 2) First true leaves to appear on the seedling, usually smaller than the normal leaves : a. Cotyledonany leaves . b. Floral leaves . c. Grasping leaves . d. Prophyllis ...
... allow the plant float above the water surface : a. Buoyant leaves . b. Grasping leaves . c. Protective leaves . d. Storage leaves . 2) First true leaves to appear on the seedling, usually smaller than the normal leaves : a. Cotyledonany leaves . b. Floral leaves . c. Grasping leaves . d. Prophyllis ...
JOURNAL OF JOURNAL OF BOTANY Morphological, anatomical
... anatomical and ecological studies of Gynandriris sisyrinchium (L.) Parl. in Turkey. – Thaiszia – J. Bot. 21: 1-9. – ISSN 1210-0420. Abstract: This work is based on morphological, anatomical and ecological studies of Gynandriris sisyrinchium (L.) Parl. each flower of which is lasting only a few hours ...
... anatomical and ecological studies of Gynandriris sisyrinchium (L.) Parl. in Turkey. – Thaiszia – J. Bot. 21: 1-9. – ISSN 1210-0420. Abstract: This work is based on morphological, anatomical and ecological studies of Gynandriris sisyrinchium (L.) Parl. each flower of which is lasting only a few hours ...
Plant biomechanics and mechanobiology are convergent paths to
... of a cell. Cellular solids are described according to the geometric structure of the cells, i.e. their shape, size, and distribution. The wall of the cell can be made of solids*, soft matter*, or even fluids* as in fluid foams. Cellular materials are widespread in nature and include meristematic tis ...
... of a cell. Cellular solids are described according to the geometric structure of the cells, i.e. their shape, size, and distribution. The wall of the cell can be made of solids*, soft matter*, or even fluids* as in fluid foams. Cellular materials are widespread in nature and include meristematic tis ...
MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL STUDY OF
... and the anatomical features of the plant , The morphological characters of the studied plant species were examined externally by the naked eye and their characters were outlined. According to the results in this study, The morphological features of Asphodelus microcarpus in this study are similar to ...
... and the anatomical features of the plant , The morphological characters of the studied plant species were examined externally by the naked eye and their characters were outlined. According to the results in this study, The morphological features of Asphodelus microcarpus in this study are similar to ...
Marshmallow Root Class
... The plant has very long roots that are tapered and thick. The roots have a flexible, yet tough exterior. Its leaves are light green in color and round in shape. The edges of the leaves are toothed, however each leaf usually has about 3 to 7 lobes around the edges. This plant does have flowers that g ...
... The plant has very long roots that are tapered and thick. The roots have a flexible, yet tough exterior. Its leaves are light green in color and round in shape. The edges of the leaves are toothed, however each leaf usually has about 3 to 7 lobes around the edges. This plant does have flowers that g ...
Meristem
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.Meristematic cells give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers, while the root apical meristem (RAM) provides the meristematic cells for the future root growth. SAM and RAM cells divide rapidly and are considered indeterminate, in that they do not possess any defined end status. In that sense, the meristematic cells are frequently compared to the stem cells in animals, which have an analogous behavior and function.The term meristem was first used in 1858 by Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891) in his book Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik. It is derived from the Greek word merizein (μερίζειν), meaning to divide, in recognition of its inherent function.In general, differentiated plant cells cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Therefore, cell division in the meristem is required to provide new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and initiation of new organs, providing the basic structure of the plant body.Meristematic cells are incompletely or not at all differentiated, and are capable of continued cellular division (youthful). Furthermore, the cells are small and protoplasm fills the cell completely. The vacuoles are extremely small. The cytoplasm does not contain differentiated plastids (chloroplasts or chromoplasts), although they are present in rudimentary form (proplastids). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular cavities. The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall.Maintenance of the cells requires a balance between two antagonistic processes: organ initiation and stem cell population renewal.Apical meristems are the completely undifferentiated (indeterminate) meristems in a plant. These differentiate into three kinds of primary meristems. The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary meristem types. These secondary meristems are also known as lateral meristems because they are involved in lateral growth.At the meristem summit, there is a small group of slowly dividing cells, which is commonly called the central zone. Cells of this zone have a stem cell function and are essential for meristem maintenance. The proliferation and growth rates at the meristem summit usually differ considerably from those at the periphery.Meristems also are induced in the roots of legumes such as soybean, Lotus japonicus, pea, and Medicago truncatula after infection with soil bacteria commonly called Rhizobium. Cells of the inner or outer cortex in the so-called ""window of nodulation"" just behind the developing root tip are induced to divide. The critical signal substance is the lipo-oligosaccharide Nod-factor, decorated with side groups to allow specificity of interaction. The Nod factor receptor proteins NFR1 and NFR5 were cloned from several legumes including Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and soybean (Glycine max). Regulation of nodule meristems utilizes long distance regulation commonly called ""Autoregulation of Nodulation"" (AON). This process involves a leaf-vascular tissue located LRR receptor kinases (LjHAR1, GmNARK and MtSUNN), CLE peptide signalling, and KAPP interaction, similar to that seen in the CLV1,2,3 system. LjKLAVIER also exhibits a nodule regulation phenotype though it is not yet known how this relates to the other AON receptor kinases.