Perceptions and Adaptation Measures of Crop
... main source of income. The households were at least 45 years old in order to be able to appreciate the change. Once these criteria are met, randomly and transect methods, 25 agro-pastoralists and 25 crop farmers’ households were interviewed in each villages; which amounted to 100 households in the t ...
... main source of income. The households were at least 45 years old in order to be able to appreciate the change. Once these criteria are met, randomly and transect methods, 25 agro-pastoralists and 25 crop farmers’ households were interviewed in each villages; which amounted to 100 households in the t ...
7 - WWF
... species, such as the sponge orders Astrophorida and Hadromerida (Leon & Bjorndal, 2002; Meylan, 1988). Although coral reefs are known to respond to excessively high water temperatures by bleaching (HoeghGuldberg, 1999) and that macro-algae may increase in abundance in response to disturbed coral ree ...
... species, such as the sponge orders Astrophorida and Hadromerida (Leon & Bjorndal, 2002; Meylan, 1988). Although coral reefs are known to respond to excessively high water temperatures by bleaching (HoeghGuldberg, 1999) and that macro-algae may increase in abundance in response to disturbed coral ree ...
Can amphibians take the heat? Vulnerability to climate
... & Weathers, 1975; but see Feder & Lynch, 1982), they most likely already face relatively warm environmental temperatures, such that their warming tolerances might be relatively small. However, no systematic information of environmental temperatures to which amphibians are exposed is currently availa ...
... & Weathers, 1975; but see Feder & Lynch, 1982), they most likely already face relatively warm environmental temperatures, such that their warming tolerances might be relatively small. However, no systematic information of environmental temperatures to which amphibians are exposed is currently availa ...
New Zealand`s Climate Change Target
... since 1900. Future temperature increases will depend on the level of future global emissions. Without concerted global action to reduce emissions, New Zealand’s temperature is expected to rise by about 3.5°C by the end of the century. Although we are likely to be better off than many other countries ...
... since 1900. Future temperature increases will depend on the level of future global emissions. Without concerted global action to reduce emissions, New Zealand’s temperature is expected to rise by about 3.5°C by the end of the century. Although we are likely to be better off than many other countries ...
01-Long Report-cover
... usage differs from that in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), where climate change refers to a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climat ...
... usage differs from that in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), where climate change refers to a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climat ...
connell_ukcip - Global Change System for Analysis, Research
... • Took UKCIP SES and derived regional quantified SES out to 2050s, using expert opinion - very difficult to justify numbers, but have a big effect on the model outputs • Hence difficult to quantify the relative importance of climate vs. socio-economic change on systems • SES used as input data only ...
... • Took UKCIP SES and derived regional quantified SES out to 2050s, using expert opinion - very difficult to justify numbers, but have a big effect on the model outputs • Hence difficult to quantify the relative importance of climate vs. socio-economic change on systems • SES used as input data only ...
How limiting factors drive agricultural adaptation to
... More frequent heat waves Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements The global climate is changing Average global temperatures are increasing Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion are an important cause of climate change Climate change poses risks to agriculture globall ...
... More frequent heat waves Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements The global climate is changing Average global temperatures are increasing Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion are an important cause of climate change Climate change poses risks to agriculture globall ...
Efficiently Constraining Climate Sensitivity with Ensembles
... most likely tropical SST cooling of 1.8°C corresponds to a climate sensitivity of around 4.5°C, with the scatter of the ensemble around that value adding 0.8°C of uncertainty at the 1 sigma level. This estimate is slightly higher than, but broadly consistent with, most previous research. Our conclus ...
... most likely tropical SST cooling of 1.8°C corresponds to a climate sensitivity of around 4.5°C, with the scatter of the ensemble around that value adding 0.8°C of uncertainty at the 1 sigma level. This estimate is slightly higher than, but broadly consistent with, most previous research. Our conclus ...
What is a Carbon Footprint?
... Box 2: Emissions factors It is possible to measure actual greenhouse gas emissions associated with some activities such as industrial processes and transport. Emissions from, for example, cars, aeroplanes and electricity generation are well understood and documented. Standard ‘emissions factors’ hav ...
... Box 2: Emissions factors It is possible to measure actual greenhouse gas emissions associated with some activities such as industrial processes and transport. Emissions from, for example, cars, aeroplanes and electricity generation are well understood and documented. Standard ‘emissions factors’ hav ...
Download: SWIPA Educational Summary
... (‘proxy data’) suggests that Arctic summer temperatures have been higher in the past few decades than at any time in the last 2000 years. Most of the observed increase in global temperature is very likely to be due to ‘greenhouse gases’ released from human activities, such as the burning of fossil f ...
... (‘proxy data’) suggests that Arctic summer temperatures have been higher in the past few decades than at any time in the last 2000 years. Most of the observed increase in global temperature is very likely to be due to ‘greenhouse gases’ released from human activities, such as the burning of fossil f ...
PDF
... rains continued into summer in a naturally extended rainy season throughout northern California, spring-addition plots stood out as islands of low biodiversity and reduced consumer abundances (Fig. 3B and 4). In addition to the nearly 50% reduction in plant species richness in spring-addition relati ...
... rains continued into summer in a naturally extended rainy season throughout northern California, spring-addition plots stood out as islands of low biodiversity and reduced consumer abundances (Fig. 3B and 4). In addition to the nearly 50% reduction in plant species richness in spring-addition relati ...
Gregory and Forster - University of Leeds
... distribution (Table 1 and Figure 1). Since F = rDT, the TCR can then be simply evaluated as F2/r, the DT that corresponds to F2. The model r range gives a TCR range of 1.4– 2.6 K (median 1.8 K; the uncertainty is skewed because TCR / 1/r). The model TCR range evaluated by this method is not sensit ...
... distribution (Table 1 and Figure 1). Since F = rDT, the TCR can then be simply evaluated as F2/r, the DT that corresponds to F2. The model r range gives a TCR range of 1.4– 2.6 K (median 1.8 K; the uncertainty is skewed because TCR / 1/r). The model TCR range evaluated by this method is not sensit ...
REPORT Gridded 1 x 1 km climate and hydrological
... atmosphere, ocean, land surface and sea ice are an important tool in assessing climate change. GCMs project future precipitation and temperature usually at a horizontal grid scale of 100 x 100 km. This resolution is considered to be too coarse to properly resolve topographic effects. Results from GC ...
... atmosphere, ocean, land surface and sea ice are an important tool in assessing climate change. GCMs project future precipitation and temperature usually at a horizontal grid scale of 100 x 100 km. This resolution is considered to be too coarse to properly resolve topographic effects. Results from GC ...
Global Climate Change and Biodiversity
... climate is defined. Ecosystems and species have moved, often freely, in response to such past changes and have evolved within this climatic history. The causes of contemporary and future changes in climate, their rate and their potential significance for ecosystems and for the human species, however ...
... climate is defined. Ecosystems and species have moved, often freely, in response to such past changes and have evolved within this climatic history. The causes of contemporary and future changes in climate, their rate and their potential significance for ecosystems and for the human species, however ...
Sustainable Development and Climate Change
... and long lived, with their residence time in the atmosphere varying from few hours, weeks, months, years to several hundred years. Warming potential of any GHG is reckoned with CO2 as the standard and for methane (CH4) it is roughly twenty one times and several thousand times for fluorocarbons. Acco ...
... and long lived, with their residence time in the atmosphere varying from few hours, weeks, months, years to several hundred years. Warming potential of any GHG is reckoned with CO2 as the standard and for methane (CH4) it is roughly twenty one times and several thousand times for fluorocarbons. Acco ...
Transcript from COP-22 Ocean Panel moderated by Fred Krueger
... Introduction by Fred Krueger Good morning. Welcome to this official UNFCCC side event panel on the changes taking place in the oceans as a consequence of rising CO2 levels. My name is Fred Krueger. I’ll be the moderator for this panel sponsored by the NRCCC of the United States. Other sponsors inclu ...
... Introduction by Fred Krueger Good morning. Welcome to this official UNFCCC side event panel on the changes taking place in the oceans as a consequence of rising CO2 levels. My name is Fred Krueger. I’ll be the moderator for this panel sponsored by the NRCCC of the United States. Other sponsors inclu ...
Annex C: Simulated Changes in Vegetation Distribution under
... leaf area and site water balance should be generally reliable (especially with respect to the sign of the change). The aggregated vegetation classes used for this analysis are as follows. 1. Tundra is defined as the treeless vegetation which extends beyond treeline at high latitudes and altitudes, r ...
... leaf area and site water balance should be generally reliable (especially with respect to the sign of the change). The aggregated vegetation classes used for this analysis are as follows. 1. Tundra is defined as the treeless vegetation which extends beyond treeline at high latitudes and altitudes, r ...
Ecosystem carbon storage in arctic tundra reduced by long
... 3 in the fertilized plots indicate that denitrification may be an important loss pathway as well. These results show that the fertilized ecosystem had almost no capacity for net retention of increased N inputs despite 20 yr of sustained increase in plant production (Fig. 1). Although it remains to b ...
... 3 in the fertilized plots indicate that denitrification may be an important loss pathway as well. These results show that the fertilized ecosystem had almost no capacity for net retention of increased N inputs despite 20 yr of sustained increase in plant production (Fig. 1). Although it remains to b ...
PDF
... HadGEM2-ES) together with a crop model (i.e. LPJmL) under the RCP 4.5 scenario projections. Our results indicate that as would be expected, including the climate change induced yield shocks does reduce the potential for forest carbon sequestration. They also show that the adverse economic impacts o ...
... HadGEM2-ES) together with a crop model (i.e. LPJmL) under the RCP 4.5 scenario projections. Our results indicate that as would be expected, including the climate change induced yield shocks does reduce the potential for forest carbon sequestration. They also show that the adverse economic impacts o ...
PDF
... budgets. The increase of 100 ppm translates in roughly 200 additional GtCO2 of budget for each of the four analyzed regions. Although the budgets convey important information about regional climate policy, they lack the temporal dynamics which is more relevant for policy. Figure 2 provides the addit ...
... budgets. The increase of 100 ppm translates in roughly 200 additional GtCO2 of budget for each of the four analyzed regions. Although the budgets convey important information about regional climate policy, they lack the temporal dynamics which is more relevant for policy. Figure 2 provides the addit ...
Enhancing Climate Change Mitigation Efforts
... such broad negotiations. Detractors point out that the agreement made in Durban essentially constitutes the death knell of the Kyoto Protocol, contending that there will be a new agreement. The intent of this article is to review and evaluate the current status of climate change mitigation efforts i ...
... such broad negotiations. Detractors point out that the agreement made in Durban essentially constitutes the death knell of the Kyoto Protocol, contending that there will be a new agreement. The intent of this article is to review and evaluate the current status of climate change mitigation efforts i ...
Executive Summary - A New Climate for Peace
... fragility to fully engage in UNFCCC-related activities. Climate vulnerability assessments are far more advanced today than just a few years ago, but they still lack significant discussion of the political or social impacts of climate change and information on a country’s conflict history or its marg ...
... fragility to fully engage in UNFCCC-related activities. Climate vulnerability assessments are far more advanced today than just a few years ago, but they still lack significant discussion of the political or social impacts of climate change and information on a country’s conflict history or its marg ...
Projection of Temperature and Precipitation in Southern Iran Using
... regional climate model (RegCM4) nested in the European Community–Hamburg atmospheric model (ECHAM5) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) 40-year reanalysis (ERA40) data to analyze the effects of climate change on the Arabian Peninsula. While ECHAM5 and ERA40 exhibited ...
... regional climate model (RegCM4) nested in the European Community–Hamburg atmospheric model (ECHAM5) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) 40-year reanalysis (ERA40) data to analyze the effects of climate change on the Arabian Peninsula. While ECHAM5 and ERA40 exhibited ...
On Applying the Test of a False Prophet to the
... Deuteronomy 18:22 be cast aside, but rather that a distinction be made between recognizing the criterion as basically true and as paradigmatically true (or, as true in the general sense versus true in the literal form). The former need not necessarily imply the latter. Israel's own prophetic history ...
... Deuteronomy 18:22 be cast aside, but rather that a distinction be made between recognizing the criterion as basically true and as paradigmatically true (or, as true in the general sense versus true in the literal form). The former need not necessarily imply the latter. Israel's own prophetic history ...
medieval warm period in south america
... monsoon belt of the tropical Andes and Southeast Brazil. This work revealed, as they describe it, "a very coherent behavior over the past two millennia with significant decadal to multi-decadal variability superimposed on large excursions during three key periods: the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), ...
... monsoon belt of the tropical Andes and Southeast Brazil. This work revealed, as they describe it, "a very coherent behavior over the past two millennia with significant decadal to multi-decadal variability superimposed on large excursions during three key periods: the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.