Mechanisms for millennial-scale global synchronization during the
... which mostly affect the North Atlantic region. The model is freely available from http://www.knmi.nl/onderzk/CKO/ ecbilt.html. In the standard model setup an imbalance in the global, interannual freshwater budget is compensated globally for numerical reasons. However, in our experiment the imbalance ...
... which mostly affect the North Atlantic region. The model is freely available from http://www.knmi.nl/onderzk/CKO/ ecbilt.html. In the standard model setup an imbalance in the global, interannual freshwater budget is compensated globally for numerical reasons. However, in our experiment the imbalance ...
The Hartwell Paper - LSE Research Online
... consensus.1 Yvo de Boer, the long-serving chairman of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), who had guided the process through meeting after increasingly inconclusive meeting in recent years, has since announced his resignation and future plans to work in the private se ...
... consensus.1 Yvo de Boer, the long-serving chairman of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), who had guided the process through meeting after increasingly inconclusive meeting in recent years, has since announced his resignation and future plans to work in the private se ...
The Risk of Sea Level Rise: A Delphic Monte Carlo Analysis in
... This study estimates such a probability distribution, using models employed by previous assessments, as well as the subjective assessments of twenty climate and glaciology reviewers about the values of particular model coefficients. The reviewer assumptions imply a 50 percent chance that the average ...
... This study estimates such a probability distribution, using models employed by previous assessments, as well as the subjective assessments of twenty climate and glaciology reviewers about the values of particular model coefficients. The reviewer assumptions imply a 50 percent chance that the average ...
Changing monsoon patterns, snow and glacial melt, its
... RCM simulations for the Indian subcontinent and the Himalayas at high resolution (25 km) from 1960 to 2100, Mathison et al. (in this issue) provide another ensemble of simulations for the region, and illustrate an increase in temperature between the baseline (1970–2000) and the 2050s (2040–2070) of ...
... RCM simulations for the Indian subcontinent and the Himalayas at high resolution (25 km) from 1960 to 2100, Mathison et al. (in this issue) provide another ensemble of simulations for the region, and illustrate an increase in temperature between the baseline (1970–2000) and the 2050s (2040–2070) of ...
C
... simply “preindustrial”) experiments. These simulations were driven by a rather realistic set of external forcings, which included the known or estimated history of a range of natural and anthropogenic sources, such as variations in solar output, volcanic activity, trace gases, and sulfate aerosols. ...
... simply “preindustrial”) experiments. These simulations were driven by a rather realistic set of external forcings, which included the known or estimated history of a range of natural and anthropogenic sources, such as variations in solar output, volcanic activity, trace gases, and sulfate aerosols. ...
A New Climate for Peace
... economy is growing rapidly. Widespread unemployment, rapid urbanization, and environmental degradation challenge efforts to reduce poverty and increase economic development in many poor countries. In fragile regions, persistent inequality, political marginalization, and unresponsive governments exac ...
... economy is growing rapidly. Widespread unemployment, rapid urbanization, and environmental degradation challenge efforts to reduce poverty and increase economic development in many poor countries. In fragile regions, persistent inequality, political marginalization, and unresponsive governments exac ...
Growth and Phenology of Three Dwarf Shrub Species in a Six
... Global warming can have substantial impacts on the phenological and growth patterns of alpine and Arctic species, resulting in shifts in plant community composition and ecosystem dynamics. We evaluated the effects of a six-year experimental soil warming treatment (+4uC, 2007–2012) on the phenology a ...
... Global warming can have substantial impacts on the phenological and growth patterns of alpine and Arctic species, resulting in shifts in plant community composition and ecosystem dynamics. We evaluated the effects of a six-year experimental soil warming treatment (+4uC, 2007–2012) on the phenology a ...
Primary Impacts of Climate Change in the Chicago Region
... in the Midwest have shown a trend in the last few decades towards higher overnight minimum temperatures, particularly in the summer months when overnight temperatures over 70°F are becoming more common. When overnight temperatures stay elevated, humans, livestock, and vegetation experience increased ...
... in the Midwest have shown a trend in the last few decades towards higher overnight minimum temperatures, particularly in the summer months when overnight temperatures over 70°F are becoming more common. When overnight temperatures stay elevated, humans, livestock, and vegetation experience increased ...
Csc_ADS_2011 - University of Minnesota
... Model Simulations: IPCC climate or earth system models as well as regional models of climate and hydrology, along with observed data based model reconstructions ...
... Model Simulations: IPCC climate or earth system models as well as regional models of climate and hydrology, along with observed data based model reconstructions ...
The impact of climate change on the electricity market A review
... coming decades regardless of what is done in the near future. This so-called warming commitment is according to the IPCC (2007c) about 0.1 1C per decade for the next two decades (and somewhat less for future decades). Thus, even if the current deadlock in international climate negotiations is resolv ...
... coming decades regardless of what is done in the near future. This so-called warming commitment is according to the IPCC (2007c) about 0.1 1C per decade for the next two decades (and somewhat less for future decades). Thus, even if the current deadlock in international climate negotiations is resolv ...
PDF
... becomes wetter, it will switch more to forests, either with crops or with both crops and livestock, especially in the mid and high elevation humid zones. Forestry will play a significant role in adaptation when a substantial increase in precipitation makes animal husbandry an unattractive alternative ...
... becomes wetter, it will switch more to forests, either with crops or with both crops and livestock, especially in the mid and high elevation humid zones. Forestry will play a significant role in adaptation when a substantial increase in precipitation makes animal husbandry an unattractive alternative ...
there once was an island te henua e nnoho
... other organisms are not equipped to survive in these settings. In the movie, “There Once Was An Island,” you can see the many ways the ...
... other organisms are not equipped to survive in these settings. In the movie, “There Once Was An Island,” you can see the many ways the ...
The History of Late 20th and early 21st Century
... and Rind 1994; Kay 1994; Segal et al. 1994). Segal et al. (1994,1997) performed the first runs of regional climate models in the E. Mediterranean to study the potential impacts of doubling CO2 on several rainfall-bearing cyclones. While the results suggested that a doubling of carbon dioxide (CO2) i ...
... and Rind 1994; Kay 1994; Segal et al. 1994). Segal et al. (1994,1997) performed the first runs of regional climate models in the E. Mediterranean to study the potential impacts of doubling CO2 on several rainfall-bearing cyclones. While the results suggested that a doubling of carbon dioxide (CO2) i ...
climate risks: impact on natural hazards insurance between now and
... will inevitably change. If action is not taken to achieve a rapid and ambitious reduction in our greenhouse gas emissions, it will be difficult to deal with the impact of a temperature rise that could, on average, reach 4°C to 5°C between now and 2100 and keep rising after that. These consequences, ...
... will inevitably change. If action is not taken to achieve a rapid and ambitious reduction in our greenhouse gas emissions, it will be difficult to deal with the impact of a temperature rise that could, on average, reach 4°C to 5°C between now and 2100 and keep rising after that. These consequences, ...
PDF
... number of reasons this approach does not seem suitable to addressing global climate change. The essential problem lies in the very long time horizon over which uncertain benefits and costs must be discounted. In contrast to the relative clarity of a cost-benefit analysis regarding, for example, the ...
... number of reasons this approach does not seem suitable to addressing global climate change. The essential problem lies in the very long time horizon over which uncertain benefits and costs must be discounted. In contrast to the relative clarity of a cost-benefit analysis regarding, for example, the ...
Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Seafood
... Atmospheric concentrations of both the natural and man-made gases have been rising over the last few centuries. As the global population has increased and our reliance on fossil fuels (such as coal, oil and natural gas) has intensified, so emissions of these gases have risen. While gases such as car ...
... Atmospheric concentrations of both the natural and man-made gases have been rising over the last few centuries. As the global population has increased and our reliance on fossil fuels (such as coal, oil and natural gas) has intensified, so emissions of these gases have risen. While gases such as car ...
Formation and evolution of the periglacial landscape under major
... increasingly abundant. The fate of this ground-ice reservoir is tied to dramatic global climate change during the recent history of Mars (<10 Myr). The planet is thought to have undergone periodic variations of its orbital parameters deeply modifying the climate like Milankovitch’s cycles on Earth. ...
... increasingly abundant. The fate of this ground-ice reservoir is tied to dramatic global climate change during the recent history of Mars (<10 Myr). The planet is thought to have undergone periodic variations of its orbital parameters deeply modifying the climate like Milankovitch’s cycles on Earth. ...
Cryptic impacts of temperature variability on amphibian immune
... has been observed in declining populations, suggesting impaired reproduction or increased juvenile mortality (Wheeler et al., 2003). Intriguingly, C. alleganiensis is known to experience persistent, idiopathic skin lesions that can progress to tissue degeneration and, in severe cases, loss of all fo ...
... has been observed in declining populations, suggesting impaired reproduction or increased juvenile mortality (Wheeler et al., 2003). Intriguingly, C. alleganiensis is known to experience persistent, idiopathic skin lesions that can progress to tissue degeneration and, in severe cases, loss of all fo ...
PDF
... meant to build resilience into agricultural systems coupled with mitigation strategies to reduce green house gas emissions suggested by various bodies such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). According to Evans et al. (2011), research and development was proposed to support the ...
... meant to build resilience into agricultural systems coupled with mitigation strategies to reduce green house gas emissions suggested by various bodies such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). According to Evans et al. (2011), research and development was proposed to support the ...
Comments on target - Ministry for the Environment
... Over 3,300 submitters expressed the need for consensus to be built around climate change. A number requested a collaborative stakeholder process and many suggested the initiation of a Climate Change Commission, cross party consensus on the issue, and/or that this be underpinned by domestic climate c ...
... Over 3,300 submitters expressed the need for consensus to be built around climate change. A number requested a collaborative stakeholder process and many suggested the initiation of a Climate Change Commission, cross party consensus on the issue, and/or that this be underpinned by domestic climate c ...
Breaking down the tropospheric circulation response by forcing
... for filtering natural climate variability. In addition, P10 did not separate the direct radiative effects of greenhouse gases from the indirect effect of SSTs. Kang et al. (2011; hereafter K11) analyzed time-slice simulations from both CAM3 and the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM), and also p ...
... for filtering natural climate variability. In addition, P10 did not separate the direct radiative effects of greenhouse gases from the indirect effect of SSTs. Kang et al. (2011; hereafter K11) analyzed time-slice simulations from both CAM3 and the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM), and also p ...
The net climate impact of coal
... pattern of imposing air quality pollution controls at a later time could accelerate future warming rates, especially at NHmls. More broadly, our results indicate that due to spatial and temporal inhomogenaities in forcing, climate impacts of multi-pollutant emissions can vary strongly from region to ...
... pattern of imposing air quality pollution controls at a later time could accelerate future warming rates, especially at NHmls. More broadly, our results indicate that due to spatial and temporal inhomogenaities in forcing, climate impacts of multi-pollutant emissions can vary strongly from region to ...
Turning Up the Heat - Environmental Investigation Agency
... HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) and their by-product, HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons), which have global warming potentials (GWP) ranging from 1,000 to over 10,000 times that of carbon dioxide, respectively.8 HCFCs were introduced under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as ...
... HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) and their by-product, HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons), which have global warming potentials (GWP) ranging from 1,000 to over 10,000 times that of carbon dioxide, respectively.8 HCFCs were introduced under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as ...
39_219_130990670009423533-Submission to UNFCCC Feb 03
... equator gives it an annual bimodal rainfall regime, and the two rain seasons merge into one long rainy season as you move northwards from the equator. The first rainy season ranges from March to June, while the second one ranges from August to November. The rainfall level ranges from 400 to 2200 mm ...
... equator gives it an annual bimodal rainfall regime, and the two rain seasons merge into one long rainy season as you move northwards from the equator. The first rainy season ranges from March to June, while the second one ranges from August to November. The rainfall level ranges from 400 to 2200 mm ...
Effects of systematic biases in the stratosphere on the tropospheric
... 3. Coupled atmosphere ocean simulations Coupled atmosphere ocean simulations were performed for constant pre-industrial boundary conditions. A 100 year portion of an existing preindustrial control simulations made for CMIP3/IPCC-AR4 is used here as a reference for the climate of the low top climate ...
... 3. Coupled atmosphere ocean simulations Coupled atmosphere ocean simulations were performed for constant pre-industrial boundary conditions. A 100 year portion of an existing preindustrial control simulations made for CMIP3/IPCC-AR4 is used here as a reference for the climate of the low top climate ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.