Risk of ruin paper - Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
... increases quoted are the ones that are widely used in the press and taken up by policymakers. However, from a risk management perspective, there are residual risks in the “carbon cycle feedback” or the “ice sheet flows”. These risks are important for two reasons; firstly, given adequate resources, m ...
... increases quoted are the ones that are widely used in the press and taken up by policymakers. However, from a risk management perspective, there are residual risks in the “carbon cycle feedback” or the “ice sheet flows”. These risks are important for two reasons; firstly, given adequate resources, m ...
Thermal tolerance and climate warming sensitivity in tropical snails David J. Marshall
... 40 species of tropical eulittoral snails (Littorinidae and Neritidae) inhabiting exposed rocky shores and shaded mangrove forests in Oceania, Africa, Asia and North America. We also estimated extremes in animal body temperature at each site using a simple heat budget model and historical (20 years) ...
... 40 species of tropical eulittoral snails (Littorinidae and Neritidae) inhabiting exposed rocky shores and shaded mangrove forests in Oceania, Africa, Asia and North America. We also estimated extremes in animal body temperature at each site using a simple heat budget model and historical (20 years) ...
Present weather and Climate: evolving Conditions
... The linear warming trend continued in the first decade of the twenty-first century, the warmest over the region during the 110-year period of record (see Table 5.1). Increases have been more than 1.8°F (1°C) in many parts of the Southwest over the last 110 years, with isolated 3.6°F (2°C) increases ...
... The linear warming trend continued in the first decade of the twenty-first century, the warmest over the region during the 110-year period of record (see Table 5.1). Increases have been more than 1.8°F (1°C) in many parts of the Southwest over the last 110 years, with isolated 3.6°F (2°C) increases ...
Mid-21st century projections in temperature extremes in
... as compared to summer (Murphy 1999; Vidale et al. 2003). Physical parameterization of various sub-grid scale processes in the RCM can strongly influence RCM’s biases and skill (e.g., Murphy 1999; Hagemann et al. 2001; Rummukainen et al. 2001; Vidale et al. 2003). This can lead to different RCMs givi ...
... as compared to summer (Murphy 1999; Vidale et al. 2003). Physical parameterization of various sub-grid scale processes in the RCM can strongly influence RCM’s biases and skill (e.g., Murphy 1999; Hagemann et al. 2001; Rummukainen et al. 2001; Vidale et al. 2003). This can lead to different RCMs givi ...
building strong
... Sum of monthly Temp avg where Temp avg >= 5 deg C Integer number of consecutive months where Temp avg >= 5 deg C Available water holding capacity of soil Bulk density of soil Carbon content of soil Nitrogen content of soil Compound topographic index (relative wetness) Solar interception Day/night di ...
... Sum of monthly Temp avg where Temp avg >= 5 deg C Integer number of consecutive months where Temp avg >= 5 deg C Available water holding capacity of soil Bulk density of soil Carbon content of soil Nitrogen content of soil Compound topographic index (relative wetness) Solar interception Day/night di ...
Climate Change Briefing: Questions for Directors to Ask
... 2. Mitigation issues require management to take action to reduce GHG emissions attributable to a company’s operations, products and services. Mitigation actions are often driven by government regulation, as well as by voluntary commitments that companies make to gain competitive advantage, save cos ...
... 2. Mitigation issues require management to take action to reduce GHG emissions attributable to a company’s operations, products and services. Mitigation actions are often driven by government regulation, as well as by voluntary commitments that companies make to gain competitive advantage, save cos ...
Sea Level Rise in BC: mobilizing science into action
... sea level rise science into various tools to support and/or drive local action. The choice to include in regional projections a sea level rise scenario considered “extreme” at the time anticipated the evolving science and facilitated the subsequent introduction of a planning target of 1m by 2100. In ...
... sea level rise science into various tools to support and/or drive local action. The choice to include in regional projections a sea level rise scenario considered “extreme” at the time anticipated the evolving science and facilitated the subsequent introduction of a planning target of 1m by 2100. In ...
State/Territory Government Department
... manage their land for conservation in line with international guidelines, so that its plants, animals and cultural sites are protected for the benefit of all Australians. Indigenous emissions trading element On 5 October 2007, The Australian Government announced a commitment to provide $10 million o ...
... manage their land for conservation in line with international guidelines, so that its plants, animals and cultural sites are protected for the benefit of all Australians. Indigenous emissions trading element On 5 October 2007, The Australian Government announced a commitment to provide $10 million o ...
General Knowledge About Climate Change, Factors Influencing
... Climate change is the triggering mechanism for a variety of changes, but it cannot be experienced in itself. The consequences triggered by climate change happen very slowly and can only be determined through statistical analysis of temperature and precipitation data, and by continuous monitoring of ...
... Climate change is the triggering mechanism for a variety of changes, but it cannot be experienced in itself. The consequences triggered by climate change happen very slowly and can only be determined through statistical analysis of temperature and precipitation data, and by continuous monitoring of ...
Print - Climate Change Knowledge Portal
... the most widely used are GCMs (Global Climate Models), RCMs (Regional Climate Models), and downscaling techniques (both empirical and statistical) and several comprehensive reviews are available on the subject. Global Climate Models (GCMs) are our primary source of information about future climate. ...
... the most widely used are GCMs (Global Climate Models), RCMs (Regional Climate Models), and downscaling techniques (both empirical and statistical) and several comprehensive reviews are available on the subject. Global Climate Models (GCMs) are our primary source of information about future climate. ...
urbanization and climate change in small island developing states
... Small Island Developing States are a distinct and diverse group of 52 countries spread across the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean and the South China Sea. Of the 52 states, 38 are United Nations (UN) member states, while the remaining 14 are non-UN member states ...
... Small Island Developing States are a distinct and diverse group of 52 countries spread across the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean and the South China Sea. Of the 52 states, 38 are United Nations (UN) member states, while the remaining 14 are non-UN member states ...
Deep uncertainty in long-term hurricane risk: Scenario generation and implications for future climate experiments
... models (Knutti et al., 2010; Oreskes et al., 2010; Stainforth et al., 2007a,b; Morgan, 2003). Similarly, the range of downscaling models used to explore the (stage III) uncertainty represents only a limited sample. Indeed, parameter uncertainty is not captured in the scenario set (for either stage I ...
... models (Knutti et al., 2010; Oreskes et al., 2010; Stainforth et al., 2007a,b; Morgan, 2003). Similarly, the range of downscaling models used to explore the (stage III) uncertainty represents only a limited sample. Indeed, parameter uncertainty is not captured in the scenario set (for either stage I ...
Preliminary Analysis of Climate Change in the Cariboo
... annual and seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation, as well as spring snow-water equivalent. Projections of growing degree days using empirical high resolution downscaling are also presented. All projections have uncertainties due to the inability of climate models to replicate all climate ...
... annual and seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation, as well as spring snow-water equivalent. Projections of growing degree days using empirical high resolution downscaling are also presented. All projections have uncertainties due to the inability of climate models to replicate all climate ...
Long-Term Climate Change - Ontario Power Generation
... counterintuitive as times of thickest ice-cover are associated with the warmest basal temperatures, a consequence of the degree of thermal insulation provided by thick ice and the continuing flow of heat from the Earth’s interior into the ice-sheet base. The subsurface thermal regime is also importa ...
... counterintuitive as times of thickest ice-cover are associated with the warmest basal temperatures, a consequence of the degree of thermal insulation provided by thick ice and the continuing flow of heat from the Earth’s interior into the ice-sheet base. The subsurface thermal regime is also importa ...
Uncertainties in CMIP5 Climate Projections due to Carbon Cycle
... wider (i.e., to reflect additional uncertainties), and/or are more or less skewed (i.e., to reflect additional skewed uncertainties). When providing best-estimate projections and uncertainty ranges for emission scenarios, there are two major sources of uncertainty that need to be taken into account. ...
... wider (i.e., to reflect additional uncertainties), and/or are more or less skewed (i.e., to reflect additional skewed uncertainties). When providing best-estimate projections and uncertainty ranges for emission scenarios, there are two major sources of uncertainty that need to be taken into account. ...
nota di lavoro - Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei
... change has some traction in the policy debate, as witnessed by skeptics’ attention to certainty of scientific facts (e.g., certainty of the rising trend of the global mean surface temperature). Theoretical studies have shown that the answers to these questions are ambiguous. Therefore, an increasing ...
... change has some traction in the policy debate, as witnessed by skeptics’ attention to certainty of scientific facts (e.g., certainty of the rising trend of the global mean surface temperature). Theoretical studies have shown that the answers to these questions are ambiguous. Therefore, an increasing ...
Science - Global Policy Lab
... that describe how global mean temperature translates into economic and social costs (10). Because these models are now used to design global policies (11, 12), much of the current empirical research summarized here is framed as providing an empirical basis for global climate policy calculations (13, ...
... that describe how global mean temperature translates into economic and social costs (10). Because these models are now used to design global policies (11, 12), much of the current empirical research summarized here is framed as providing an empirical basis for global climate policy calculations (13, ...
Cool dudes: The denial of climate change among conservative white
... than other adults to endorse climate change denial. On a specific level, conservative white male elites in the conservative movement and the fossil fuels industry have sent a consistent message—via conservative talk radio, television news, newspapers, and websites—to the American public for approxima ...
... than other adults to endorse climate change denial. On a specific level, conservative white male elites in the conservative movement and the fossil fuels industry have sent a consistent message—via conservative talk radio, television news, newspapers, and websites—to the American public for approxima ...
Studying Climate Change: Proxy Indicators
... • Outline current and future trends and impacts of global climate change • Suggest ways we can respond to climate change Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. © 2010 Pearson Education Canada ...
... • Outline current and future trends and impacts of global climate change • Suggest ways we can respond to climate change Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. © 2010 Pearson Education Canada ...
PDF
... CMIP5 models remains insufficient for resolving important dynamic and thermodynamic features. Where appropriate in the text, we provide contrasts between the current CMIP5 results and those previously derived from CMIP3. Results based on RCP8.5 will be highlighted here, as it represents one of the c ...
... CMIP5 models remains insufficient for resolving important dynamic and thermodynamic features. Where appropriate in the text, we provide contrasts between the current CMIP5 results and those previously derived from CMIP3. Results based on RCP8.5 will be highlighted here, as it represents one of the c ...
Our future in their plans
... Climate change is characterised by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a ‘threat multiplier’ most affecting people whose livelihoods are already vulnerable. Extreme weather events, compounded by other stressors such as greater competition for water, lead to declining crop yields ...
... Climate change is characterised by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a ‘threat multiplier’ most affecting people whose livelihoods are already vulnerable. Extreme weather events, compounded by other stressors such as greater competition for water, lead to declining crop yields ...
The Next Step: Exponential Life 1 — PB
... as a whole have remained relatively constant. Indonesia’s crater lake Toba is the result of a catastrophic volcanic super-eruption that occurred 75,000 years ago, blasting an estimated 2800 cubic kilometers of material into the atmosphere. An erupted mass just 1/100th of this from the Tambora erupti ...
... as a whole have remained relatively constant. Indonesia’s crater lake Toba is the result of a catastrophic volcanic super-eruption that occurred 75,000 years ago, blasting an estimated 2800 cubic kilometers of material into the atmosphere. An erupted mass just 1/100th of this from the Tambora erupti ...
Global Warming: Forecasts by Scientists versus Scientific Forecasts
... conclusion, based primarily on 19 replies weighted by the study directors, was that while a slight increase in temperature might occur, uncertainty was so high that “the next twenty years will be similar to that of the past” and the effects of any change would be negligible. Clearly, this was a fore ...
... conclusion, based primarily on 19 replies weighted by the study directors, was that while a slight increase in temperature might occur, uncertainty was so high that “the next twenty years will be similar to that of the past” and the effects of any change would be negligible. Clearly, this was a fore ...
Horticulture
... The Horticulture sector is a plant-based sub-sector of the agriculture industry concerned with high value fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops. Horticultural production includes a very diverse range of crops, particularly when ornamental species are considered. Crops are field and orchard grown and ...
... The Horticulture sector is a plant-based sub-sector of the agriculture industry concerned with high value fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops. Horticultural production includes a very diverse range of crops, particularly when ornamental species are considered. Crops are field and orchard grown and ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.