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... acreage reports, reliable profit data are scarce and suffer from measurement errors. As noted by Deschênes and Greenstone (2007), the use of land value as a proxy for profit can result in biased estimates due to omitted variables. Moreover, farmland value does not accurately reflect long-term profit ...
... acreage reports, reliable profit data are scarce and suffer from measurement errors. As noted by Deschênes and Greenstone (2007), the use of land value as a proxy for profit can result in biased estimates due to omitted variables. Moreover, farmland value does not accurately reflect long-term profit ...
Appendix D: Economic modelling and adaptation to climate change
... ‘Shocks’ were estimated based on detailed reports of the physical impacts of climate change on each of these sectors, which were provided to the Garnaut Review by expert groups. These ‘shocks’ were incorporated into the Monash Multi-Regional Forecasting (MMRF) model — a dynamic multi-sector CGE mode ...
... ‘Shocks’ were estimated based on detailed reports of the physical impacts of climate change on each of these sectors, which were provided to the Garnaut Review by expert groups. These ‘shocks’ were incorporated into the Monash Multi-Regional Forecasting (MMRF) model — a dynamic multi-sector CGE mode ...
The Montreal Protocol Protection of Ozone and Climate
... surface and leads to changes in other climate parameters, such as precipitation. This change in earth’s radiative balance caused by human activities is called a radiative forcing of climate and is generally evaluated at or near the top of the atmosphere using units of Watts per square meter (W/m2). ...
... surface and leads to changes in other climate parameters, such as precipitation. This change in earth’s radiative balance caused by human activities is called a radiative forcing of climate and is generally evaluated at or near the top of the atmosphere using units of Watts per square meter (W/m2). ...
Applied Energy - Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford
... 2010 and 2060 and find that the capital stock in 2010 entailed a commitment to a warming around 1.3!C above the pre-industrial era. Guivarch and Hallegatte [23] build upon these results by including non-CO2 greenhouse gases and inertia in transportation infrastructure to conclude that future climate ...
... 2010 and 2060 and find that the capital stock in 2010 entailed a commitment to a warming around 1.3!C above the pre-industrial era. Guivarch and Hallegatte [23] build upon these results by including non-CO2 greenhouse gases and inertia in transportation infrastructure to conclude that future climate ...
Understanding Climate Induced Changes in Arctic Ice
... An extremely cold environment, low levels of light and enormous mass of snow and ice characterize the Arctic region. This vast ecosystem is home to many diverse habitats and species, on the land and in the ocean, that depend on a constant amount of ice each season to survive. Arctic ice also acts as ...
... An extremely cold environment, low levels of light and enormous mass of snow and ice characterize the Arctic region. This vast ecosystem is home to many diverse habitats and species, on the land and in the ocean, that depend on a constant amount of ice each season to survive. Arctic ice also acts as ...
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... California, where pest problems tend to occur during the last weeks of summer, a shorter growing season can help combat the effects of pests. Farmers can harvest early, reducing pest damage along with yield and input use (Carlson and Wetzstein). Farmers may also respond to pests through changes in n ...
... California, where pest problems tend to occur during the last weeks of summer, a shorter growing season can help combat the effects of pests. Farmers can harvest early, reducing pest damage along with yield and input use (Carlson and Wetzstein). Farmers may also respond to pests through changes in n ...
III. Mitigation of Climate Change: Summary for Policy Makers
... B1. The B1 storyline and scenario family describes a convergent world with the same global population, that peaks in midcentury and declines thereafter, as in the A1 storyline, but with rapid change in economic structures toward a service and information economy, with reductions in material intensit ...
... B1. The B1 storyline and scenario family describes a convergent world with the same global population, that peaks in midcentury and declines thereafter, as in the A1 storyline, but with rapid change in economic structures toward a service and information economy, with reductions in material intensit ...
Nitrogen pollution and climate change reduce carbon storage and
... it can turn from a GHG sink to a GHG source. Drained peatlands now account for almost 6% of the world’s man-made CO2 emissions every year. As peat formation and therefore carbon storage is enhanced by cold, wet and nutrient-poor conditions, warmer temperatures and extreme climate events, particularl ...
... it can turn from a GHG sink to a GHG source. Drained peatlands now account for almost 6% of the world’s man-made CO2 emissions every year. As peat formation and therefore carbon storage is enhanced by cold, wet and nutrient-poor conditions, warmer temperatures and extreme climate events, particularl ...
here - Resilient Cities
... programme, to retrofit all public buildings. The drought experience of South East England, including London, and the impacts of extreme weather events on rising sea levels; and London’s rivers, makes water management even more of a long-term priority. The GLA is committed to working with schools, as ...
... programme, to retrofit all public buildings. The drought experience of South East England, including London, and the impacts of extreme weather events on rising sea levels; and London’s rivers, makes water management even more of a long-term priority. The GLA is committed to working with schools, as ...
Mapping vulnerability to multiple stressors: climate change and
... on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a useful typology suggesting that vulnerability may be characterized as a function of three components: adaptive capacity, sensitivity, and exposure (McCarthy et al., 2001). Adaptive capacity describes the ability of a system to adjust to actual or expected climate ...
... on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a useful typology suggesting that vulnerability may be characterized as a function of three components: adaptive capacity, sensitivity, and exposure (McCarthy et al., 2001). Adaptive capacity describes the ability of a system to adjust to actual or expected climate ...
Climate Engineering under the Paris Agreement
... water and biodiversity consequences, as well as uncertain ecosystem impacts. The land use impacts have implications for agriculture and food security, which carry with them human rights concerns and trade-offs against other sustainability goals. SRM technologies involve greater scientific uncertaint ...
... water and biodiversity consequences, as well as uncertain ecosystem impacts. The land use impacts have implications for agriculture and food security, which carry with them human rights concerns and trade-offs against other sustainability goals. SRM technologies involve greater scientific uncertaint ...
Transient responses to increasing CO2 and climate change in an
... (in our case anomalies for the year 2100). These were linearly interpolated in time to obtain a transient evolution of the climate change signal, and it was only at this stage that synthetic daily data were created. This procedure ensures a smooth transition from year to year. One may argue that the ...
... (in our case anomalies for the year 2100). These were linearly interpolated in time to obtain a transient evolution of the climate change signal, and it was only at this stage that synthetic daily data were created. This procedure ensures a smooth transition from year to year. One may argue that the ...
Ecosystem-based adaptation: An approach for building
... that depend on them. Impacts are escalating as temperature and precipitation patterns change and extreme weather events and related conditions increase in frequency and intensity. Climate change directly threatens the services ecosystems provide including food, clean water, coastal protection, fuel- ...
... that depend on them. Impacts are escalating as temperature and precipitation patterns change and extreme weather events and related conditions increase in frequency and intensity. Climate change directly threatens the services ecosystems provide including food, clean water, coastal protection, fuel- ...
Climate Security and Justice for Small Island Developing States
... available from sources such as the GEF, the Green Climate Fund, and the Adaptation Fund would not be enough to fund all the necessary adaptation projects in SIDS, even if they were dedicated exclusively to that end.9 Moreover, investment from the private sector is limited because of the high risk in ...
... available from sources such as the GEF, the Green Climate Fund, and the Adaptation Fund would not be enough to fund all the necessary adaptation projects in SIDS, even if they were dedicated exclusively to that end.9 Moreover, investment from the private sector is limited because of the high risk in ...
The risks of relying on tomorrow`s `negative emissions` to guide
... emissions options, insofar as they rely on biological carbon fixation, are inherently landintensive. This means they would take up large amounts of land that might otherwise be used for agriculture, or be left wild. There is thus no guarantee that it will be possible to deploy them at large enough s ...
... emissions options, insofar as they rely on biological carbon fixation, are inherently landintensive. This means they would take up large amounts of land that might otherwise be used for agriculture, or be left wild. There is thus no guarantee that it will be possible to deploy them at large enough s ...
climate of the arctic marine environment
... during winter the Arctic Ocean is dominated by a ‘‘bridge’’ of high pressure between the cold Asian air mass and the cold air over northern North America. The high-pressure systems over Asia and northern North America are shallow systems and are manifestations of the cold near-surface air, for which ...
... during winter the Arctic Ocean is dominated by a ‘‘bridge’’ of high pressure between the cold Asian air mass and the cold air over northern North America. The high-pressure systems over Asia and northern North America are shallow systems and are manifestations of the cold near-surface air, for which ...
Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and
... species (Saxe et al., 1998; Norby et al., 1999; Ainsworth and Long, 2005). For example, mature Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petratea responded more than Carpinus betulus, Prunus avium, and Tilia platyphyllos in a central European free air enrichment experiment (Asshoff et al., 2006). Tree growth rate ...
... species (Saxe et al., 1998; Norby et al., 1999; Ainsworth and Long, 2005). For example, mature Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petratea responded more than Carpinus betulus, Prunus avium, and Tilia platyphyllos in a central European free air enrichment experiment (Asshoff et al., 2006). Tree growth rate ...
impact of climate change on precipitation
... Gases such as CFCs, HFCs and PFCs enter the atmosphere through their use in air conditioning, refrigeration, propellants etc. The world wide emission of greenhouse gases has been rising since industrialization. The increase of CO2 since 1940 follows exponential growth. With such a rate of emission, ...
... Gases such as CFCs, HFCs and PFCs enter the atmosphere through their use in air conditioning, refrigeration, propellants etc. The world wide emission of greenhouse gases has been rising since industrialization. The increase of CO2 since 1940 follows exponential growth. With such a rate of emission, ...
REGULATING GREENHOUSE GASES UNDER THE CLEAN AIR
... effects will increase in frequency and severity for populations and economies across the United States. There is clear scientific consensus that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions must be dramatically decreased to effectively slow or reverse climate change. The 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) agreeme ...
... effects will increase in frequency and severity for populations and economies across the United States. There is clear scientific consensus that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions must be dramatically decreased to effectively slow or reverse climate change. The 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) agreeme ...
Colgate`s Greenhouse Gas Inventory
... International Law p.647). In addition to these binding emissions reduction targets, the Protocol also establishes requirements for industrialized countries4 to implement or further develop appropriate policies and measures to meet their quantified emissions limitation and reduction objectives (QELR ...
... International Law p.647). In addition to these binding emissions reduction targets, the Protocol also establishes requirements for industrialized countries4 to implement or further develop appropriate policies and measures to meet their quantified emissions limitation and reduction objectives (QELR ...
The Australian Aerosol and Climate Research Program: A
... significant (net negative) contribution by aerosol to global climate forcing, with this forcing being highly uncertain. Reduction of the uncertainty in the aerosol forcing estimate is required to correspondingly improve projections of future climate. The review of “Future Climate Change Research and ...
... significant (net negative) contribution by aerosol to global climate forcing, with this forcing being highly uncertain. Reduction of the uncertainty in the aerosol forcing estimate is required to correspondingly improve projections of future climate. The review of “Future Climate Change Research and ...
Influence of Climate and Land Use Change on Carbon in Agriculture
... On the basis of published data for the boreal forests of the United States, Canada, Finland, Sweden, and China, Gower et al. (1997) calculated an average net primary production (NPPA) of 3.6 and 1.4 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 for deciduous and coniferous boreal forests, respectively. These values are relatively ...
... On the basis of published data for the boreal forests of the United States, Canada, Finland, Sweden, and China, Gower et al. (1997) calculated an average net primary production (NPPA) of 3.6 and 1.4 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 for deciduous and coniferous boreal forests, respectively. These values are relatively ...
CHAPTER 3: Climate for Change? Civil Society and the Politics of Global Warming
... affects the success of any attempt to provide global public goods in this area. Industrialised countries have historically contributed to the problem far more than developing countries. Nevertheless, larger developing countries such as China, India and Brazil, experiencing rapid industrialisation, a ...
... affects the success of any attempt to provide global public goods in this area. Industrialised countries have historically contributed to the problem far more than developing countries. Nevertheless, larger developing countries such as China, India and Brazil, experiencing rapid industrialisation, a ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.