Assessing the Social Costs and Benefits of Regulating Carbon
... Document: Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis Under Executive Order 12866.” In that document, a range of estimates was given for the SCC. Table 1 shows these estimates of the SCC for a metric ton of carbon dioxide given in “2007” U.S. dollars (to calculate the current dollar equival ...
... Document: Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis Under Executive Order 12866.” In that document, a range of estimates was given for the SCC. Table 1 shows these estimates of the SCC for a metric ton of carbon dioxide given in “2007” U.S. dollars (to calculate the current dollar equival ...
Quantifying Albedo and Surface Temperature
... on factors other than the amount of carbon sequestered. Physical characteristics of the surface, including albedo, emissivity, and soil moisture, vary between different land cover types and affect the net energy flux of each surface (Figure 1) (Betts 2000, Jackson et al. 2005, Goode and Palle 2007). ...
... on factors other than the amount of carbon sequestered. Physical characteristics of the surface, including albedo, emissivity, and soil moisture, vary between different land cover types and affect the net energy flux of each surface (Figure 1) (Betts 2000, Jackson et al. 2005, Goode and Palle 2007). ...
Recent worldwide CO2 emissions - Digging in the Clay
... Remarkably, IPCC Published reports, (TAR3), actually acknowledge that the effective temperature increase caused by growing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere radically diminishes with increasing concentrations. This information is in their report, but it is well disguised from any lay reader, ...
... Remarkably, IPCC Published reports, (TAR3), actually acknowledge that the effective temperature increase caused by growing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere radically diminishes with increasing concentrations. This information is in their report, but it is well disguised from any lay reader, ...
Air pollution and associated human mortality: the role of air pollutant
... Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) (Lamarque et al., 2012). We also analyze three additional sensitivity simulations. The five simulations used are summarized in Table 1 and described briefly below. We use the “1860” and “2000” simulations to quantify the change in air qual ...
... Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) (Lamarque et al., 2012). We also analyze three additional sensitivity simulations. The five simulations used are summarized in Table 1 and described briefly below. We use the “1860” and “2000” simulations to quantify the change in air qual ...
Full-Text - MDPI.com
... a useful distinction between explanations that focus on the effects of international influences on the composition and preferences of interest groups—coalitional politics [4]—in the policy process and explanations that focus on the effects of international impulses on the governmental authority stru ...
... a useful distinction between explanations that focus on the effects of international influences on the composition and preferences of interest groups—coalitional politics [4]—in the policy process and explanations that focus on the effects of international impulses on the governmental authority stru ...
6. Whatever the weather. Media attitudes to reporting
... it said that the Kyoto Protocol provided a way forward but was constrained by lack of consensus, and so was probably not enough in itself. There was consensus that developing countries needed to ‘do their bit’, even though this would affect development. Technology was widely regarded as having a key ...
... it said that the Kyoto Protocol provided a way forward but was constrained by lack of consensus, and so was probably not enough in itself. There was consensus that developing countries needed to ‘do their bit’, even though this would affect development. Technology was widely regarded as having a key ...
Health Climate Change impacts report card technical paper
... Climate affects three major aspects of disease occurrence: (i) where disease occurs; (ii) when disease occurs within the year, and (iii) the incidence of disease. In some cases, mostly macroparasite infections such as those caused by helminths, climate can also affect the severity of clinical diseas ...
... Climate affects three major aspects of disease occurrence: (i) where disease occurs; (ii) when disease occurs within the year, and (iii) the incidence of disease. In some cases, mostly macroparasite infections such as those caused by helminths, climate can also affect the severity of clinical diseas ...
Using expert knowledge to assess uncertainties in future polar bear
... performed in order to quantify the trends and variance surrounding possible impacts of climate change on polar bear populations. 2. Polar bears have become an iconic species in the communication of climate change. Negative impacts of climatic warming on polar bears have been suggested, but cannot be ...
... performed in order to quantify the trends and variance surrounding possible impacts of climate change on polar bear populations. 2. Polar bears have become an iconic species in the communication of climate change. Negative impacts of climatic warming on polar bears have been suggested, but cannot be ...
Global climate change scenario
... Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) was a report prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001, on future emission scenarios to be used for driving global circulation models ...
... Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) was a report prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001, on future emission scenarios to be used for driving global circulation models ...
Working Paper
... directly as differences of percentage points. Color shading is only applied for areas where at least 66% (i.e., 10 out of 14) of the GCMs agree in the sign of the change; stippling is applied for regions where at least 90% (i.e.,13 out of 14) of the GCMs agree in the sign of the change (IPCC SREX 20 ...
... directly as differences of percentage points. Color shading is only applied for areas where at least 66% (i.e., 10 out of 14) of the GCMs agree in the sign of the change; stippling is applied for regions where at least 90% (i.e.,13 out of 14) of the GCMs agree in the sign of the change (IPCC SREX 20 ...
WRS-08 Presentation
... Although there are various opinions on Climate Change and what to do about it, the scientific body of evidence that human activity is having an impact on the earth’s climate is almost irrefutable. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) appear to be driving climate change, hence the need to reduce CO2 and o ...
... Although there are various opinions on Climate Change and what to do about it, the scientific body of evidence that human activity is having an impact on the earth’s climate is almost irrefutable. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) appear to be driving climate change, hence the need to reduce CO2 and o ...
Data Assimilation Cycle - Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical
... IPCC AR4 WG1 Chapter 8 “…models still show significant errors. Although these are generally greater at smaller scales, important large-scale problems also remain. ……The ultimate source of most such errors is that many important small-scale processes cannot be represented explicitly in models, and s ...
... IPCC AR4 WG1 Chapter 8 “…models still show significant errors. Although these are generally greater at smaller scales, important large-scale problems also remain. ……The ultimate source of most such errors is that many important small-scale processes cannot be represented explicitly in models, and s ...
Effects of Global Warming on Trout and Salmon in U.S. Streams
... streams they once inhabited. Climatic warming poses an additional, potentially severe threat to their survival. The earth has warmed significantly during the last 50 years, and most of the observed warming is believed to have been caused by increased concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other ...
... streams they once inhabited. Climatic warming poses an additional, potentially severe threat to their survival. The earth has warmed significantly during the last 50 years, and most of the observed warming is believed to have been caused by increased concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other ...
Canada`s Marine Coasts in a Changing Climate
... Canada is a coastal nation. All provinces and territories, This report takes a landscape approach in examining Canada’s with the exception of Alberta and Saskatchewan, share in marine coasts. While focus is placed on the shoreline as the the approximately 243 000 km of coastline (Taylor et al., inte ...
... Canada is a coastal nation. All provinces and territories, This report takes a landscape approach in examining Canada’s with the exception of Alberta and Saskatchewan, share in marine coasts. While focus is placed on the shoreline as the the approximately 243 000 km of coastline (Taylor et al., inte ...
Full text in PDF - What is Climate
... Not one of the explanations meets basic academic reasoning, and if not straight false or illogical, the statements are of little help to use them for scientific work, or for communication with politics and the general public. The Ref. [9], NASA, explains that: • Weather is basically the way the atmo ...
... Not one of the explanations meets basic academic reasoning, and if not straight false or illogical, the statements are of little help to use them for scientific work, or for communication with politics and the general public. The Ref. [9], NASA, explains that: • Weather is basically the way the atmo ...
After Climategate and Cancun….
... IPCC AR4 WG1 Chapter 8 “…models still show significant errors. Although these are generally greater at smaller scales, important large-scale problems also remain. ……The ultimate source of most such errors is that many important small-scale processes cannot be represented explicitly in models, and s ...
... IPCC AR4 WG1 Chapter 8 “…models still show significant errors. Although these are generally greater at smaller scales, important large-scale problems also remain. ……The ultimate source of most such errors is that many important small-scale processes cannot be represented explicitly in models, and s ...
Policy Instruments for Climate Change: How Can National Governments Address RESOURCES
... Kuroda, Mubazi, Shah, and Stavins (1996), but the present author is solely responsible for any errors. 1 Since pre-industrial times, CO has been the most important anthropogenic source of radiative forcing (the ...
... Kuroda, Mubazi, Shah, and Stavins (1996), but the present author is solely responsible for any errors. 1 Since pre-industrial times, CO has been the most important anthropogenic source of radiative forcing (the ...
Potential effects of climate change and adaptive
... have been already documented in several systems. Lake Simcoe and the wetlands and streams within the Lake Simcoe Watershed are also being affected by climate change. The objectives of this study were to (1) use ecological indicators to assess the potential effects of climate change and (2) apply tho ...
... have been already documented in several systems. Lake Simcoe and the wetlands and streams within the Lake Simcoe Watershed are also being affected by climate change. The objectives of this study were to (1) use ecological indicators to assess the potential effects of climate change and (2) apply tho ...
600 words - School of Psychology
... human welfare. In order to meet national and international greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets, there is an urgent need to understand and enable societal engagement in mitigation. Yet recent research indicates that this involvement is currently limited: although awareness of climate cha ...
... human welfare. In order to meet national and international greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets, there is an urgent need to understand and enable societal engagement in mitigation. Yet recent research indicates that this involvement is currently limited: although awareness of climate cha ...
Assessment of impact of climate change on water resources: a long
... autocorrelation function coefficient (AFC) as described later. Specifically, in the Great Lakes Basin, both empirical and aerodynamic techniques have been used to estimate evaporation, and studies conducted by Cohen (1986, 1990), Sanderson (1987), and Croley (1990, 2004) have found that evaporation ...
... autocorrelation function coefficient (AFC) as described later. Specifically, in the Great Lakes Basin, both empirical and aerodynamic techniques have been used to estimate evaporation, and studies conducted by Cohen (1986, 1990), Sanderson (1987), and Croley (1990, 2004) have found that evaporation ...
Assessing climate risk to improve farm business management
... and apply less fertiliser. Thus a better understanding of expected rainfall can be used to amend the crop management decisions, thereby reducing the risk of farming. However, education and training are needed so that the farmer fully understands probabilistic forecasts and their limitations. Details ...
... and apply less fertiliser. Thus a better understanding of expected rainfall can be used to amend the crop management decisions, thereby reducing the risk of farming. However, education and training are needed so that the farmer fully understands probabilistic forecasts and their limitations. Details ...
Climate Change Effects on North American Inland Fish Populations
... Earth’s climate system is changing with widespread impacts on inland aquatic systems. Climate change effects with the greatest significance for North American aquatic ecosystems include warming of the atmosphere and oceans, reduced snow and ice, and rising sea levels (IPCC 2014). Dramatic changes in ...
... Earth’s climate system is changing with widespread impacts on inland aquatic systems. Climate change effects with the greatest significance for North American aquatic ecosystems include warming of the atmosphere and oceans, reduced snow and ice, and rising sea levels (IPCC 2014). Dramatic changes in ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.