p130-155 chp5eng - Arab Forum for Environment and
... The dominant agricultural system in Arab countries is rainfed agriculture, with the total irrigated area in the Arab world being less than 28 percent (FAO, 2008b). Therefore, annual agricultural productivity and food security are highly correlated to the annual variability of precipitation, which ha ...
... The dominant agricultural system in Arab countries is rainfed agriculture, with the total irrigated area in the Arab world being less than 28 percent (FAO, 2008b). Therefore, annual agricultural productivity and food security are highly correlated to the annual variability of precipitation, which ha ...
Geoengineering and the Accusation of Hubris
... 1. Introduction The problem of climate change caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases has been known for decades, but global emissions of carbon-dioxide have not been reduced. In the light of this seemingly widespread unwillingness to change human behavioural patterns, considerations i ...
... 1. Introduction The problem of climate change caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases has been known for decades, but global emissions of carbon-dioxide have not been reduced. In the light of this seemingly widespread unwillingness to change human behavioural patterns, considerations i ...
Climate Change Scenarios for New Zealand Rainfall
... to lie between 1.4° and 5.8°C, relative to 1990 levels (Cubasch et al. 2001). In global terms, the hydrological cycle is expected to increase in intensity with rising temperatures. All general circulation model (GCM) simulations used in the last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment o ...
... to lie between 1.4° and 5.8°C, relative to 1990 levels (Cubasch et al. 2001). In global terms, the hydrological cycle is expected to increase in intensity with rising temperatures. All general circulation model (GCM) simulations used in the last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment o ...
Business Responses to Climate Change in Developing Countries: A
... developing countries, others are proper for developed countries that does not occur in the developing countries such as changing expert opinion (a specific strategy of firms in the U.S. and Australia), acquisition of emission credits strategy, and policy inputs or lobbying activities in the informat ...
... developing countries, others are proper for developed countries that does not occur in the developing countries such as changing expert opinion (a specific strategy of firms in the U.S. and Australia), acquisition of emission credits strategy, and policy inputs or lobbying activities in the informat ...
Geoengineering and the Accusation of Hubris
... 1. Introduction The problem of climate change caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases has been known for decades, but global emissions of carbon-dioxide have not been reduced. In the light of this seemingly widespread unwillingness to change human behavioural patterns, considerations i ...
... 1. Introduction The problem of climate change caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases has been known for decades, but global emissions of carbon-dioxide have not been reduced. In the light of this seemingly widespread unwillingness to change human behavioural patterns, considerations i ...
INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Chapter 11 Antarctica and Neogene
... elsewhere around the world. In particular, the steps in the Antarctic climate that have been interpreted from these studies include those shown in Table 11.1. This is an important point. Some students think only of the impact that global climate has on Antarctica. Antarctic Ice can be both influence ...
... elsewhere around the world. In particular, the steps in the Antarctic climate that have been interpreted from these studies include those shown in Table 11.1. This is an important point. Some students think only of the impact that global climate has on Antarctica. Antarctic Ice can be both influence ...
Seasonal mean temperature changes control future heat waves
... where HWHIST , HWRCP8.5 , and HWMS are the values of any heat wave metrics from HIST, RCP8.5, and MS scenarios. The contribution of variability with respect to seasonal mean changes is calculated replacing HWMS with HWSS , which are the values of heat wave metrics from SS scenario. Therefore, a valu ...
... where HWHIST , HWRCP8.5 , and HWMS are the values of any heat wave metrics from HIST, RCP8.5, and MS scenarios. The contribution of variability with respect to seasonal mean changes is calculated replacing HWMS with HWSS , which are the values of heat wave metrics from SS scenario. Therefore, a valu ...
Tried and tested: Learning from farmers on adaptation to
... habitats when their natural controls are removed; soil and water are contaminated by chemicals; crop pollinators decline; agricultural labourers incur more health costs; the agro-biodiversity that helps maintain ecosystem functioning is lost; and the costs of mitigating the greenhouse gases emitted ...
... habitats when their natural controls are removed; soil and water are contaminated by chemicals; crop pollinators decline; agricultural labourers incur more health costs; the agro-biodiversity that helps maintain ecosystem functioning is lost; and the costs of mitigating the greenhouse gases emitted ...
Case study on Dole`s carbon-neutral fruits
... Appendices 5 (CO2 emissions), 6 and 7 (carbon footprints for bananas and pineapples) show Dole's CO2 emissions from production, maritime transportation and distribution in destination countries. Bananas require ripening, which means that distribution causes more emissions. Carbon neutrality relates ...
... Appendices 5 (CO2 emissions), 6 and 7 (carbon footprints for bananas and pineapples) show Dole's CO2 emissions from production, maritime transportation and distribution in destination countries. Bananas require ripening, which means that distribution causes more emissions. Carbon neutrality relates ...
Issue 04 Autumn 2006
... high salinities in the bottom water, about 35.8 psu compared to that of the surface mixed layer 34.8 psu. The fjord bottom water had not been ventilated since last summer and the high salinity was a result of brine production during sea ice formation. The high salinity bottom waters had elevated con ...
... high salinities in the bottom water, about 35.8 psu compared to that of the surface mixed layer 34.8 psu. The fjord bottom water had not been ventilated since last summer and the high salinity was a result of brine production during sea ice formation. The high salinity bottom waters had elevated con ...
Assessing the climate impact of trends in stratospheric water vapor
... Figure 3 shows the temperature anomaly both with and without the SWV forcing, with the water vapor forcing assumed to increase linearly from zero to 0.63 Wm 2 between 1960 and 2000. It is recognized that both the forcing series and the climate sensitivity are significantly uncertain [IPCC, 2001] and ...
... Figure 3 shows the temperature anomaly both with and without the SWV forcing, with the water vapor forcing assumed to increase linearly from zero to 0.63 Wm 2 between 1960 and 2000. It is recognized that both the forcing series and the climate sensitivity are significantly uncertain [IPCC, 2001] and ...
Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory for all sectors of Sonoma
... produced by all sectors in the jurisdiction, or first one and then the other. Sonoma municipalities chose to “lead by example,” focusing on internal operations first. This study represents Sonoma’s first assessment of the greenhouse gas emitted by the whole community. The County of Sonoma and the Ci ...
... produced by all sectors in the jurisdiction, or first one and then the other. Sonoma municipalities chose to “lead by example,” focusing on internal operations first. This study represents Sonoma’s first assessment of the greenhouse gas emitted by the whole community. The County of Sonoma and the Ci ...
Towards a unifying narrative for climate change
... caused since the industrial revolution1,2. Thirteen years later, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that: “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century,”3 a position that 97.2% of researchers agree ...
... caused since the industrial revolution1,2. Thirteen years later, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that: “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century,”3 a position that 97.2% of researchers agree ...
alabama and the surging sea - Surging Seas
... The Earth’s average temperature has warmed by more than one degree Fahrenheit over the last century, and scientists overwhelmingly agree that most or all of this warming comes from human influence (IPCC 2013). This influence comes mainly through the burning of fossil fuels and resulting accumulation ...
... The Earth’s average temperature has warmed by more than one degree Fahrenheit over the last century, and scientists overwhelmingly agree that most or all of this warming comes from human influence (IPCC 2013). This influence comes mainly through the burning of fossil fuels and resulting accumulation ...
July 2016 - American Bar Association
... is significant,” the Parties set a “global goal on adaptation of enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience, and reducing vulnerability to climate change.” Paris Agreement art. 7(1), (4). The Parties acknowledged the need to provide for “participatory and fully transparent approach” to ad ...
... is significant,” the Parties set a “global goal on adaptation of enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience, and reducing vulnerability to climate change.” Paris Agreement art. 7(1), (4). The Parties acknowledged the need to provide for “participatory and fully transparent approach” to ad ...
Reconstructing mid- to high-latitude marine climate and ocean
... Jones, 1993) may be reconstructed from bivalve growth and geochemical records. Recent advances in bivalve sclerochronology (and in the field of sclerochronology) will likely facilitate a more comprehensive assessment of marine climate variability and global change issues, including anthropogenic impa ...
... Jones, 1993) may be reconstructed from bivalve growth and geochemical records. Recent advances in bivalve sclerochronology (and in the field of sclerochronology) will likely facilitate a more comprehensive assessment of marine climate variability and global change issues, including anthropogenic impa ...
Carbon Cycling, Climate Regulation, and Disturbances in Canadian
... goods and income to Canadians [14,38,47]. In particular, the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFP) is important and shows an interesting growth potential. Besides the emblematic maple syrup with sales of 350 million Canadian dollars in 2011, NTFP include various food items (e.g., mushrooms ...
... goods and income to Canadians [14,38,47]. In particular, the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFP) is important and shows an interesting growth potential. Besides the emblematic maple syrup with sales of 350 million Canadian dollars in 2011, NTFP include various food items (e.g., mushrooms ...
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... to estimate the economic implications of climate-change-induced changes in tourism. Berrittella et al. (in press) do this using HTM, version 1.0, and a computable general equilibrium model, but only for six world regions. Our economic approach is far simpler, but ...
... to estimate the economic implications of climate-change-induced changes in tourism. Berrittella et al. (in press) do this using HTM, version 1.0, and a computable general equilibrium model, but only for six world regions. Our economic approach is far simpler, but ...
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... these issues, we focus on climate/weather-related risk for two additional reasons. First, the growing availability of high quality geo-referenced data on weather makes this important and exogenous component of the environment riskiness measurable, along with the related household’s response. Second ...
... these issues, we focus on climate/weather-related risk for two additional reasons. First, the growing availability of high quality geo-referenced data on weather makes this important and exogenous component of the environment riskiness measurable, along with the related household’s response. Second ...
Climate change in the Netherlands
... not overruled by recent scientific developments. Also according to the present-day knowledge, the four KNMI’06 scenarios together describe the most likely changes in the Netherlands, including associated uncertainties. This conclusion emerges from an evaluation of research from the past few years, i ...
... not overruled by recent scientific developments. Also according to the present-day knowledge, the four KNMI’06 scenarios together describe the most likely changes in the Netherlands, including associated uncertainties. This conclusion emerges from an evaluation of research from the past few years, i ...
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... northern cattle. Moreover, Norris et al (2003) reviewed all cattle deaths on voyages from Australia to all destinations between 1995 and 2000 and found that Bos Indicus cattle coped with hot, humid conditions on board ships better than Bos Taurus. The Bos Taurus, the common ...
... northern cattle. Moreover, Norris et al (2003) reviewed all cattle deaths on voyages from Australia to all destinations between 1995 and 2000 and found that Bos Indicus cattle coped with hot, humid conditions on board ships better than Bos Taurus. The Bos Taurus, the common ...
KURUKULASURIYA MENDELSOHN 2006 Crop Selection Adapting to Climate Change in Afrika
... cowpea-sorghum, maize-millet, and maize when medium wet, and maize-beans and maizegroundnut when wet. As temperatures warm, farmers will shift towards more heat tolerant crops. Depending upon whether precipitation increases or decreases, farmers will also shift towards drought tolerant or water lovi ...
... cowpea-sorghum, maize-millet, and maize when medium wet, and maize-beans and maizegroundnut when wet. As temperatures warm, farmers will shift towards more heat tolerant crops. Depending upon whether precipitation increases or decreases, farmers will also shift towards drought tolerant or water lovi ...
Biogeosciences
... productivity and export are not well constrained by direct observations, making it difficult to validate corresponding results from climate models. Productivity estimates from coupled models and satellite observations are largely independent in construction, and cross-comparison of the two approache ...
... productivity and export are not well constrained by direct observations, making it difficult to validate corresponding results from climate models. Productivity estimates from coupled models and satellite observations are largely independent in construction, and cross-comparison of the two approache ...
Climate Change and Public Health: MALARIA
... There are about twenty species of mosquitoes in the Anopheles genus that live In tropical regions around the world. These mosquitoes like warm, humid climates and feed on human and animal blood around dusk and after nightfall. The Plasmodium parasites are transmitted only via female mosquitoes and t ...
... There are about twenty species of mosquitoes in the Anopheles genus that live In tropical regions around the world. These mosquitoes like warm, humid climates and feed on human and animal blood around dusk and after nightfall. The Plasmodium parasites are transmitted only via female mosquitoes and t ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.