NAF Public Consultation
... global temperature rise to well below 2℃. According to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)1 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to achieve this 2°C objective, global greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by 40-70% by 2050 compared to 2010 and be zero or below in 2100. ...
... global temperature rise to well below 2℃. According to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)1 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to achieve this 2°C objective, global greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by 40-70% by 2050 compared to 2010 and be zero or below in 2100. ...
![geneva dialogues 7.4.11[1]. - Graduate Institute of International and](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/002432622_1-c2d3ec4f8d07362a922414ec3ed7a70c-300x300.png)
geneva dialogues 7.4.11[1]. - Graduate Institute of International and
... disadvantages of proposed geoengineering techniques, recognizing that failure to do so will not reduce the probability that such techniques may be resorted to, but will mean that such resort will take place in the absence of a sufficient evidence base on which to determine which techniques carry the ...
... disadvantages of proposed geoengineering techniques, recognizing that failure to do so will not reduce the probability that such techniques may be resorted to, but will mean that such resort will take place in the absence of a sufficient evidence base on which to determine which techniques carry the ...
Frontline Communities lead the Climate JustiCe Fight Beyond the
... of these trading schemes is to create a market for emission credits that allows polluters to continue releasing greenhouse gasses if they can produce a certificate attesting that they have contributed toward preventing a similar amount of emissions elsewhere, and thus avoid taking action against bur ...
... of these trading schemes is to create a market for emission credits that allows polluters to continue releasing greenhouse gasses if they can produce a certificate attesting that they have contributed toward preventing a similar amount of emissions elsewhere, and thus avoid taking action against bur ...
Variability properties of daily and monthly observed near-surface
... A detailed study on near-surface temperature variability and trends in Uganda has not yet been carried out, especially to include recent global temperature increases since the 1970s. A primary motivation for undertaking this study was therefore to investigate temperature trends in Uganda during the ...
... A detailed study on near-surface temperature variability and trends in Uganda has not yet been carried out, especially to include recent global temperature increases since the 1970s. A primary motivation for undertaking this study was therefore to investigate temperature trends in Uganda during the ...
Historical and Idealized Climate Model Experiments: An EMIC
... community contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report. Historical simulations start at 850 CE and continue through to 2005. The standard simulations include changes in forcing from solar luminosity, Earth’s orbital configuration, CO2, additional greenhouse g ...
... community contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report. Historical simulations start at 850 CE and continue through to 2005. The standard simulations include changes in forcing from solar luminosity, Earth’s orbital configuration, CO2, additional greenhouse g ...
Climate Impact Research in the BSR: State of the Art
... climate data to be usable, for example, as inputs to impact models (IPCC 2001, WGI, p. 743, Ch. 13) We are not yet at promised level where regional climate models can really influence regional policy making (Amanatidis, 2004, scientific officer EC) We cannot calculate robust regional climate scenari ...
... climate data to be usable, for example, as inputs to impact models (IPCC 2001, WGI, p. 743, Ch. 13) We are not yet at promised level where regional climate models can really influence regional policy making (Amanatidis, 2004, scientific officer EC) We cannot calculate robust regional climate scenari ...
adaptation to climate change: international policy options
... From its inception, the international climate effort has focused predominantly on mitigation—reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to prevent dangerous climate change. The next stage of the international effort must deal squarely with adaptation—coping with those impacts that cannot be avoided. Th ...
... From its inception, the international climate effort has focused predominantly on mitigation—reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to prevent dangerous climate change. The next stage of the international effort must deal squarely with adaptation—coping with those impacts that cannot be avoided. Th ...
II. Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Technical Summary
... significant regional warming across the globe and the locations of significant observed changes in many systems consistent with warming is very unlikely6 to be due solely to natural variability of temperatures or natural variability of the systems [1.4]. For physical systems, (i) climate change is a ...
... significant regional warming across the globe and the locations of significant observed changes in many systems consistent with warming is very unlikely6 to be due solely to natural variability of temperatures or natural variability of the systems [1.4]. For physical systems, (i) climate change is a ...
PDF
... operators have already decided upon their input use (Asche and Tveterås, 1999). Both endogenous and exogenous factors could cause or affect the resulting uncertainty in output levels. Among the major exogenous drivers of production risk in aquaculture are climate factors because these factors not on ...
... operators have already decided upon their input use (Asche and Tveterås, 1999). Both endogenous and exogenous factors could cause or affect the resulting uncertainty in output levels. Among the major exogenous drivers of production risk in aquaculture are climate factors because these factors not on ...
Interactive influences of climate change and agriculture on aquatic
... water quality in the region over the last several hundred years, including logging, urban and suburban development, and agriculture (NRC 1996). The future of aquatic systems in the Pacific Northwest is predicted to continue to be heavily influenced by many of these locally generated stressors. Howev ...
... water quality in the region over the last several hundred years, including logging, urban and suburban development, and agriculture (NRC 1996). The future of aquatic systems in the Pacific Northwest is predicted to continue to be heavily influenced by many of these locally generated stressors. Howev ...
Modeling dynamics of tundra plant communities on the Yamal
... Post et al 2009). Repeat photography has documented expansion of shrubs, particularly deciduous shrubs such as Salix and Alnus spp. over the past 50 years in northern Alaska, likely caused by a warming of the arctic climate (Tape et al 2006). Assessing the responses of tundra vegetation at the plant ...
... Post et al 2009). Repeat photography has documented expansion of shrubs, particularly deciduous shrubs such as Salix and Alnus spp. over the past 50 years in northern Alaska, likely caused by a warming of the arctic climate (Tape et al 2006). Assessing the responses of tundra vegetation at the plant ...
What is a Tonne? - CarbonSolutions
... Yes, A ton IS 2,000 lbs! This contrasts with a tonne, which is defined in metric terms of 1,000 kg or 2,204.6 lbs. ...
... Yes, A ton IS 2,000 lbs! This contrasts with a tonne, which is defined in metric terms of 1,000 kg or 2,204.6 lbs. ...
FiELDiNG CLiMATE CHANGE iN CULTURAL
... Vedwan 2006). In communities that rely on natural resources for their livelihood, people are keenly watchful of the landscape and quickly discern climatic anomalies and their effects. Farmers in the Sahelian region of West Africa point to shrinking water bodies, disappearing plants and crops, and ch ...
... Vedwan 2006). In communities that rely on natural resources for their livelihood, people are keenly watchful of the landscape and quickly discern climatic anomalies and their effects. Farmers in the Sahelian region of West Africa point to shrinking water bodies, disappearing plants and crops, and ch ...
Climate Systems Regional Report: Southern Africa
... Southern Africa's continental climate is generally hot and rainy in summer with cold and dry winters. This largely results from the atmospheric systems that dominate the regional climate; namely an anticyclonic high pressure system over the continent during winter and an intermittent thermal trough ...
... Southern Africa's continental climate is generally hot and rainy in summer with cold and dry winters. This largely results from the atmospheric systems that dominate the regional climate; namely an anticyclonic high pressure system over the continent during winter and an intermittent thermal trough ...
The polar amplification asymmetry: role of Antarctic surface height
... The analysis focuses on the transient response to CO2 doubling during the years 76 to 125 and especially during the years 80 to 109, for which the model was rerun and PRP calculations were performed. While most of the temperature response in the upper ocean to the CO2 perturbation takes place during ...
... The analysis focuses on the transient response to CO2 doubling during the years 76 to 125 and especially during the years 80 to 109, for which the model was rerun and PRP calculations were performed. While most of the temperature response in the upper ocean to the CO2 perturbation takes place during ...
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... trade of emission reductions, both across countries and over time, and model a policy scenario to reflect the expected outcome of negotiations in which only industrialized countries agree to particular targets for emission reductions initially, with developing nations accepting emission-reduction co ...
... trade of emission reductions, both across countries and over time, and model a policy scenario to reflect the expected outcome of negotiations in which only industrialized countries agree to particular targets for emission reductions initially, with developing nations accepting emission-reduction co ...
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... variables were excluded on the grounds either that prices did not vary in their single-year cross-section for specific commodities or that transport-related differentials would continue in the future, and that technology was “equally” accessible to all farmers in the United States; obviously this pr ...
... variables were excluded on the grounds either that prices did not vary in their single-year cross-section for specific commodities or that transport-related differentials would continue in the future, and that technology was “equally” accessible to all farmers in the United States; obviously this pr ...
Studying Climate Change: Proxy Indicators
... global warming is due to humans • At the “G8” summit in 2005, national academies of 11 nations issued a joint statement urging political leaders to take action • Despite broad scientific consensus that climate change is a pressing issue, it remains mired in an outdated debate - Is global warming rea ...
... global warming is due to humans • At the “G8” summit in 2005, national academies of 11 nations issued a joint statement urging political leaders to take action • Despite broad scientific consensus that climate change is a pressing issue, it remains mired in an outdated debate - Is global warming rea ...
Natural Disaster, Risk and Catastrophic Scenarios: a Review.
... “political” decision, is also true that, is possible to make this critique for any assumption framework chosen. In fact, it is curious and funny to note that the authors of this critique will receive the same kind of comments after a couple of years (It is the case of comments of the Weitzman’s Dism ...
... “political” decision, is also true that, is possible to make this critique for any assumption framework chosen. In fact, it is curious and funny to note that the authors of this critique will receive the same kind of comments after a couple of years (It is the case of comments of the Weitzman’s Dism ...
CLIMATE CHANGE Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change: Outlook for Knowledge,Tools and Action
... Recent decades have seen global food production increasing in line with – and sometimes ahead of – demand. However, FAO projects that demand for cereals will increase by 70% by 2050, and will double in many low-income countries (FAO, 2006). Increasing demand for food is an outcome both of larger pop ...
... Recent decades have seen global food production increasing in line with – and sometimes ahead of – demand. However, FAO projects that demand for cereals will increase by 70% by 2050, and will double in many low-income countries (FAO, 2006). Increasing demand for food is an outcome both of larger pop ...
international legal implications of climate change for the polar
... Russia’s expansive submission to the CSC in 2001 was based on a controversial interpretation of data relating to the Lomonsov Ridge. Its submission was not accepted by the CSC and the data relied on by Russia has been challenged by Canada, Denmark, Japan, Norway and the US. Russia is currently under ...
... Russia’s expansive submission to the CSC in 2001 was based on a controversial interpretation of data relating to the Lomonsov Ridge. Its submission was not accepted by the CSC and the data relied on by Russia has been challenged by Canada, Denmark, Japan, Norway and the US. Russia is currently under ...
Progress in Oceanography
... that surface salinity contrast between the Atlantic and Pacific may be important for the global conveyor belt or the thermohaline circulation (THC) (Seidov and Haupt, 2003). Increased rainfall to the northern high latitudes in combination with melting Arctic sea-ice and increased river runoff could pr ...
... that surface salinity contrast between the Atlantic and Pacific may be important for the global conveyor belt or the thermohaline circulation (THC) (Seidov and Haupt, 2003). Increased rainfall to the northern high latitudes in combination with melting Arctic sea-ice and increased river runoff could pr ...
Climate change in the oceans: evolutionary
... light levels and temperature. Superimposed onto these existing gradients, a multitude of environmental factors are predicted to change in mean and variances in the coming decade (Boyd et al. 2010). The scope of this review in terms of selection factors is dictated by the available literature, which ...
... light levels and temperature. Superimposed onto these existing gradients, a multitude of environmental factors are predicted to change in mean and variances in the coming decade (Boyd et al. 2010). The scope of this review in terms of selection factors is dictated by the available literature, which ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.