Lect13_PBLclouds
... Variations of MCCs and POCs are much larger than the individual variations within the structures (Jensen et al. 2008) ...
... Variations of MCCs and POCs are much larger than the individual variations within the structures (Jensen et al. 2008) ...
Chinese and Russian policies on climate change
... The Working Group I contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC’s) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) states, “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have ...
... The Working Group I contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC’s) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) states, “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have ...
PART VI Burden Sharing and Development
... Estimates of the economic cost of climate change have always attracted interest and debate among policymakers and the public. These estimates, however, have mostly been framed in terms of the impact on country-level or global GDP, which does not capture the full impact of climate change on people’s ...
... Estimates of the economic cost of climate change have always attracted interest and debate among policymakers and the public. These estimates, however, have mostly been framed in terms of the impact on country-level or global GDP, which does not capture the full impact of climate change on people’s ...
Spain - Met Office
... of future changes. These reports complement those published by the IPCC as well as the more detailed climate change and impact studies published nationally. Each report contains: • A description of key features of national weather and climate, including an analysis of new data on extreme events. • A ...
... of future changes. These reports complement those published by the IPCC as well as the more detailed climate change and impact studies published nationally. Each report contains: • A description of key features of national weather and climate, including an analysis of new data on extreme events. • A ...
Understanding land surface response to changing South Asian
... Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) during 1998-2008 indicate significant decreasing trends in soil moisture and evapotranspiration over many places globally and also over the Indian region (Jung et al., 2010). An increasing trend in the intensity and percent area affected by moderate droughts over In ...
... Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) during 1998-2008 indicate significant decreasing trends in soil moisture and evapotranspiration over many places globally and also over the Indian region (Jung et al., 2010). An increasing trend in the intensity and percent area affected by moderate droughts over In ...
2012 co2 emissions overview - International Energy Agency
... (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere have been increasing significantly over the past century, compared to the rather steady level of the pre-industrial era (about 280 parts per million in volume, or ppmv). The 2013 concentration of CO2 (396 ppmv) was about 40% higher than in the mid-1800s, with a ...
... (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere have been increasing significantly over the past century, compared to the rather steady level of the pre-industrial era (about 280 parts per million in volume, or ppmv). The 2013 concentration of CO2 (396 ppmv) was about 40% higher than in the mid-1800s, with a ...
The effects of climate change in the Netherlands
... • The agricultural and tourist sectors will undergo changes that could be both positive and negative from an economic viewpoint; this partly depends on developments elsewhere in Europe. • The expected health gain due to the overall temperature rise will probably be offset to a large extent by the in ...
... • The agricultural and tourist sectors will undergo changes that could be both positive and negative from an economic viewpoint; this partly depends on developments elsewhere in Europe. • The expected health gain due to the overall temperature rise will probably be offset to a large extent by the in ...
Assessment of climate change impact on hydrological extremes in
... temperature for both catchments under study were obtained from specific meteorological stations within the catchments. The period 1961–2000 was taken as the baseline period that represents the current condition, while the 2050s (2046– 2065) were considered for the future climate scenario. Observed d ...
... temperature for both catchments under study were obtained from specific meteorological stations within the catchments. The period 1961–2000 was taken as the baseline period that represents the current condition, while the 2050s (2046– 2065) were considered for the future climate scenario. Observed d ...
Global Warming and the Greenland Ice Sheet
... glacier model. Taking a 1% per year increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, they obtained a global average temperature increase of between 2.7 and 3.3 ◦ C over the 1990 to 2100 time span. Their result suggests that the Greenland contribution to sea level rise is considerably smaller, between 0.30 ...
... glacier model. Taking a 1% per year increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, they obtained a global average temperature increase of between 2.7 and 3.3 ◦ C over the 1990 to 2100 time span. Their result suggests that the Greenland contribution to sea level rise is considerably smaller, between 0.30 ...
Modeling plant species distributions under future
... not capture topographically controlled climate variation at the scale that constitutes microhabitat or refugia for some species. Although finer scale data are therefore considered to better reflect climatic conditions experienced by species, there have been few formal analyses of how modeled distrib ...
... not capture topographically controlled climate variation at the scale that constitutes microhabitat or refugia for some species. Although finer scale data are therefore considered to better reflect climatic conditions experienced by species, there have been few formal analyses of how modeled distrib ...
11 Appendix A part 2 - Kettering Borough Council
... will also inevitably be affected by proposals for new homes and other developments in the county proposed through the Regional Spatial Strategy ...
... will also inevitably be affected by proposals for new homes and other developments in the county proposed through the Regional Spatial Strategy ...
Exploring negative territory Carbon dioxide removal and climate
... feasible a more aggressive emissions reduction effort. By driving net emissions down more quickly atmospheric accumulation could peak at a lower level and over a given time period lower stabilization levels could be achieved. Forth, CDR could enable fossil fuels to remain a significant part of the e ...
... feasible a more aggressive emissions reduction effort. By driving net emissions down more quickly atmospheric accumulation could peak at a lower level and over a given time period lower stabilization levels could be achieved. Forth, CDR could enable fossil fuels to remain a significant part of the e ...
Primer on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants
... causes net global cooling.50 Brown carbon’s warming effect appears to be offsetting some or all of the lighter organic carbon particles’ cooling effect.51 This, in turn, means that reducing emissions from black carbon sources that have a high proportion of organic carbon co-emitted pollutants, such ...
... causes net global cooling.50 Brown carbon’s warming effect appears to be offsetting some or all of the lighter organic carbon particles’ cooling effect.51 This, in turn, means that reducing emissions from black carbon sources that have a high proportion of organic carbon co-emitted pollutants, such ...
Success factors for communicating climate change
... namely the dialogue groups. Communication can only be successful, if it is adequately adapted to the recipient(s). This is of high significance, as not only the awareness on climate change within the dialogue group should be raised, nonetheless commitment of the dialogue group should be achieved, so ...
... namely the dialogue groups. Communication can only be successful, if it is adequately adapted to the recipient(s). This is of high significance, as not only the awareness on climate change within the dialogue group should be raised, nonetheless commitment of the dialogue group should be achieved, so ...
Competition for land in the global bioeconomy
... resources between biofuels, agriculture, and forests. They find that land-based mitigation options could contribute anywhere between 15% and 40% of the total mitigation required for stabilization of radiative forcing. Bioenergy (including both liquid fuel and solids) is an extremely important part o ...
... resources between biofuels, agriculture, and forests. They find that land-based mitigation options could contribute anywhere between 15% and 40% of the total mitigation required for stabilization of radiative forcing. Bioenergy (including both liquid fuel and solids) is an extremely important part o ...
Spatial and interannual variations of seasonal sea surface
... In situ water temperatures (no deeper than 1 m below the surface) from the ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) database were used to verify the analysed data. Monthly mean SSTs were compared with averaged in situ data for pixels where at least 5 measurements were made per mon ...
... In situ water temperatures (no deeper than 1 m below the surface) from the ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) database were used to verify the analysed data. Monthly mean SSTs were compared with averaged in situ data for pixels where at least 5 measurements were made per mon ...
1.5.5.1 OSPAR climate request - The Quality Status Report 2010
... There is ample circumstantial evidence that global climate change is affecting many aspects of life on this planet. However, as scientific effort becomes directed at questions regarding the evidence for changes to the earth’s climate and effects of those changes on the earth’s ecosystem, the evidenc ...
... There is ample circumstantial evidence that global climate change is affecting many aspects of life on this planet. However, as scientific effort becomes directed at questions regarding the evidence for changes to the earth’s climate and effects of those changes on the earth’s ecosystem, the evidenc ...
PDF Full Publication in PDF Format
... highest expected per capita income in 2100. Figure 2 shows the global mean temperature over the 21st century. It is assumed to rise from 0.8 ºC to 3.1-3.7ºC over the course of the century. The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is highest in the A2 scenario but so are sulphur emissions; the ...
... highest expected per capita income in 2100. Figure 2 shows the global mean temperature over the 21st century. It is assumed to rise from 0.8 ºC to 3.1-3.7ºC over the course of the century. The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is highest in the A2 scenario but so are sulphur emissions; the ...
Trends in Observation and Research of Deep Ocean Circulation and
... is about 4 times higher than that of air and the ocean mass is about 260 times larger than the atmospheric mass. The total heat capacity of the oceans is about 1,000 times the mass of the atmosphere. Therefore, a change in ocean heat content exerts a tremendous influence on the distribution of heat ...
... is about 4 times higher than that of air and the ocean mass is about 260 times larger than the atmospheric mass. The total heat capacity of the oceans is about 1,000 times the mass of the atmosphere. Therefore, a change in ocean heat content exerts a tremendous influence on the distribution of heat ...
Climate of the Past
... programs in a research and development stage dealing with very long time frames such as the categories B&C disposal program in Belgium, the methods can be more detailed and focused onto research and development uncertainties than e.g. disposal programs near to an implementation stage and dealing wit ...
... programs in a research and development stage dealing with very long time frames such as the categories B&C disposal program in Belgium, the methods can be more detailed and focused onto research and development uncertainties than e.g. disposal programs near to an implementation stage and dealing wit ...
IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report
... Projected climate changes Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and changes in the climate system ...
... Projected climate changes Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and changes in the climate system ...
Reducing Human Vulnerability
... many ecosystems will come under increasing stress, patterns of pests and disease will continue to change, and agriculture will require significant changes in practice or displacement in location. On the higher temperature trajectory most of the negative trends will be even worse, and the few positiv ...
... many ecosystems will come under increasing stress, patterns of pests and disease will continue to change, and agriculture will require significant changes in practice or displacement in location. On the higher temperature trajectory most of the negative trends will be even worse, and the few positiv ...
PDF
... Bayesian Updating can shift weight among hypotheses, but will not be able to reveal tendencies that are not included in the set of hypotheses. Thus, it is important to define hypotheses carefully, with regard to real world features, and to include the tendencies one wants to learn about. As the aim ...
... Bayesian Updating can shift weight among hypotheses, but will not be able to reveal tendencies that are not included in the set of hypotheses. Thus, it is important to define hypotheses carefully, with regard to real world features, and to include the tendencies one wants to learn about. As the aim ...
Drought and warming induced changes in P and K concentration
... K concentrations and contents in Mediterranean ecosystems will differ depending on whether the main component of change is drought or warming. Keywords Climate change . Drought . Erica multiflora . Fertility . Globularia alypum . Global change . Biomass K concentration . Nutrient availability . Nutr ...
... K concentrations and contents in Mediterranean ecosystems will differ depending on whether the main component of change is drought or warming. Keywords Climate change . Drought . Erica multiflora . Fertility . Globularia alypum . Global change . Biomass K concentration . Nutrient availability . Nutr ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.