Changing climate, changing forests
... gases in the atmosphere. The emissions of these gases, which are accelerating, are trapping heat and altering the Earth’s climate. Our climate shapes our basic living conditions. It controls the growth of agricultural and forest crops that supply our food and fiber, determines our energy needs for h ...
... gases in the atmosphere. The emissions of these gases, which are accelerating, are trapping heat and altering the Earth’s climate. Our climate shapes our basic living conditions. It controls the growth of agricultural and forest crops that supply our food and fiber, determines our energy needs for h ...
An Assessment of the Foundational Assumptions in High-Resolution Climate Projections: The Case of UKCP09
... theory and generating projections are but a few items on a long list. Many of these goals can be (and indeed have been) pursued with climate models. The declared aim and purpose of UKCP09 is to provide decision-relevant projections, on which industry and policy makers can base their future plans. Th ...
... theory and generating projections are but a few items on a long list. Many of these goals can be (and indeed have been) pursued with climate models. The declared aim and purpose of UKCP09 is to provide decision-relevant projections, on which industry and policy makers can base their future plans. Th ...
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... experts seeing little or no threat and others finding cause for immediate, extensive action. Policymakers are thus confronted with a wide range of recommendations about how to address the risks posed by a changing climate—in particular, whether, how, and how much to limit emissions of greenhouse gas ...
... experts seeing little or no threat and others finding cause for immediate, extensive action. Policymakers are thus confronted with a wide range of recommendations about how to address the risks posed by a changing climate—in particular, whether, how, and how much to limit emissions of greenhouse gas ...
Global Warming and Science
... Fig. 6. Climate reconstructions over the last two centuries [SIC : millennia]. Medieval warm period missing – Little Ice Age ??? ...
... Fig. 6. Climate reconstructions over the last two centuries [SIC : millennia]. Medieval warm period missing – Little Ice Age ??? ...
Mapping the return periods of extreme sea levels: Allowing for short
... term surge forecasting but rather the calculation of extreme statistics, essential information for the development of any sensible adaptation strategy to global sea level rise and climate change. The DEM is used to downscale the flooding statistics to the community level (i.e., to downscale the resu ...
... term surge forecasting but rather the calculation of extreme statistics, essential information for the development of any sensible adaptation strategy to global sea level rise and climate change. The DEM is used to downscale the flooding statistics to the community level (i.e., to downscale the resu ...
Evidence for parallel adaptation to climate across the natural range
... locales and hence similar climates (Beck et al. 2008). Thus, to remove the confounding influence of geographic proximity, we calculated an additional matrix of geographic great circle distance in R (R Development Core Team 2011). We used the VEGAN (Oksanen et al. 2011) package in R to calculate the ...
... locales and hence similar climates (Beck et al. 2008). Thus, to remove the confounding influence of geographic proximity, we calculated an additional matrix of geographic great circle distance in R (R Development Core Team 2011). We used the VEGAN (Oksanen et al. 2011) package in R to calculate the ...
Assessing the Response of Terrestrial Ecosystems to Potential
... terrestrial ecosystems as well as human society. Although much recent research has focused on assessing the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to rising carbon dioxide or temperature, relatively little research has focused on understanding how ecosystems respond to changes in precipitation regimes. ...
... terrestrial ecosystems as well as human society. Although much recent research has focused on assessing the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to rising carbon dioxide or temperature, relatively little research has focused on understanding how ecosystems respond to changes in precipitation regimes. ...
Whangarei District Climate Change Constraints Report
... Climate change has long been perceived as a threat to the environment, but in recent years this threat perception has expanded to include social, cultural, security, and economic concerns. The theory underpinning anthropogenic climate change, put very simplistically, is that increased emissions of s ...
... Climate change has long been perceived as a threat to the environment, but in recent years this threat perception has expanded to include social, cultural, security, and economic concerns. The theory underpinning anthropogenic climate change, put very simplistically, is that increased emissions of s ...
An independent and combined effect analysis of land use and
... method was applied for an estimation of surface runoff volume. Evapotranspiration is evaluated by SWAT using various methods including FAO PenmaneMonteith, Hargreaves, and Priestley-Taylor. The Hargreaves method was found appropriate for this study based upon initial model performance before calibra ...
... method was applied for an estimation of surface runoff volume. Evapotranspiration is evaluated by SWAT using various methods including FAO PenmaneMonteith, Hargreaves, and Priestley-Taylor. The Hargreaves method was found appropriate for this study based upon initial model performance before calibra ...
A brief description of models used in this staff working document
... integrated assessment model framework that explores the long term dynamics of global change as a function of drivers such as demographic and economic development, and developments in the energy and agricultural system (Bouwman et al. 2006). Within IMAGE, energy scenarios are developed using the ener ...
... integrated assessment model framework that explores the long term dynamics of global change as a function of drivers such as demographic and economic development, and developments in the energy and agricultural system (Bouwman et al. 2006). Within IMAGE, energy scenarios are developed using the ener ...
Man made Global Warming
... So, we are asked to believe that manmade carbon dioxide, which is barely one tenth of one percent of the atmosphere, is responsible for man made global warming. Ask yourself if this is really likely. 2. Is there any actual warming? I think we can all agree that there are natural fluctuations in the ...
... So, we are asked to believe that manmade carbon dioxide, which is barely one tenth of one percent of the atmosphere, is responsible for man made global warming. Ask yourself if this is really likely. 2. Is there any actual warming? I think we can all agree that there are natural fluctuations in the ...
Risk, uncertainty and the institutional geographies of
... focuses on how uncertainties about future peak flood flows and sea level rises are accounted for in long term strategic planning processes to adapt inland and coastal flood risk management to climate change. In the first case the poorly understood impacts of future climate change were represented wi ...
... focuses on how uncertainties about future peak flood flows and sea level rises are accounted for in long term strategic planning processes to adapt inland and coastal flood risk management to climate change. In the first case the poorly understood impacts of future climate change were represented wi ...
How well do we understand and evaluate climate change feedback
... spectrum while long-term anthropogenic forcings associated with well-mixed greenhouse gases operate mostly in the LW domain, (iii) the geographical structures of natural and anthropogenic forcings differ, and (iv) the fluctuations in temperature and in large-scale atmospheric circulation at short an ...
... spectrum while long-term anthropogenic forcings associated with well-mixed greenhouse gases operate mostly in the LW domain, (iii) the geographical structures of natural and anthropogenic forcings differ, and (iv) the fluctuations in temperature and in large-scale atmospheric circulation at short an ...
Bony et al., 2006
... spectrum while long-term anthropogenic forcings associated with well-mixed greenhouse gases operate mostly in the LW domain, (iii) the geographical structures of natural and anthropogenic forcings differ, and (iv) the fluctuations in temperature and in large-scale atmospheric circulation at short an ...
... spectrum while long-term anthropogenic forcings associated with well-mixed greenhouse gases operate mostly in the LW domain, (iii) the geographical structures of natural and anthropogenic forcings differ, and (iv) the fluctuations in temperature and in large-scale atmospheric circulation at short an ...
Modeling and forecasting extreme hot events in the central
... the EHE generating process by fitting a statistical model relating the EHE behaviour and the temperature evolution. We also show the use of this model for providing possible trajectories of the EHE process in a medium term horizon, 2050, as an alternative to regional climate models (RCM), Beniston a ...
... the EHE generating process by fitting a statistical model relating the EHE behaviour and the temperature evolution. We also show the use of this model for providing possible trajectories of the EHE process in a medium term horizon, 2050, as an alternative to regional climate models (RCM), Beniston a ...
a new approach to international greenhouse gas controls
... commitment period. In this case, Country A would need to demonstrate 6 MtC of reductions (5% of 120), either domestically or through international purchases. Conversely, economic stagnation would have the opposite effect. If emissions turn out to be only 80 MtC during the commitment period, Country ...
... commitment period. In this case, Country A would need to demonstrate 6 MtC of reductions (5% of 120), either domestically or through international purchases. Conversely, economic stagnation would have the opposite effect. If emissions turn out to be only 80 MtC during the commitment period, Country ...
Distinguishing the relative impacts of climate change and human
... decreasing surface runoff and increasing baseflow (e.g., Tomer et al., 2005; Schilling, 2004). Moreover, water utilization for agricultural and industrial development can also lead to significant change in the water cycle and affect the variation of surface or sub-surface runoff (e.g. Du et al., 2012) ...
... decreasing surface runoff and increasing baseflow (e.g., Tomer et al., 2005; Schilling, 2004). Moreover, water utilization for agricultural and industrial development can also lead to significant change in the water cycle and affect the variation of surface or sub-surface runoff (e.g. Du et al., 2012) ...
A Climate Change Assessment via Trend Estimation of Certain
... hand, the South of the country is always hot and has two different distinct seasons, dry (December to May) and wet (June to November) [2], with daily average temperature changes between 26 and 29 ◦ C. With these geographical characteristics, it is expected that climate change in the country is diffe ...
... hand, the South of the country is always hot and has two different distinct seasons, dry (December to May) and wet (June to November) [2], with daily average temperature changes between 26 and 29 ◦ C. With these geographical characteristics, it is expected that climate change in the country is diffe ...
Barriers to Municipal Climate Adaptation: Examples From Coastal
... tolerance in paving materials with the awareness of increased heat projections under climate change or changing building codes to accommodate more flooding based on climate projections. Using the mainstreaming approach, planners still make specific reference to climate change as a motivating factor ...
... tolerance in paving materials with the awareness of increased heat projections under climate change or changing building codes to accommodate more flooding based on climate projections. Using the mainstreaming approach, planners still make specific reference to climate change as a motivating factor ...
Impact of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet interactions on climate
... For a strong, 3,000 years warming scenario, which causes a considerable amount of melting of the Antarctic ice sheet, Swingedouw et al. (2008) found a melt water induced negative feedback mechanism similar to the one in the Northern Hemisphere described above that led to a relative global cooling. I ...
... For a strong, 3,000 years warming scenario, which causes a considerable amount of melting of the Antarctic ice sheet, Swingedouw et al. (2008) found a melt water induced negative feedback mechanism similar to the one in the Northern Hemisphere described above that led to a relative global cooling. I ...
Climate Change in the South Caucasus
... Unfortunately, the format did not allow the use of other Caucasian specialities, such as music, film, cuisine or toasts, it will be up to the reader to accompany his or her lecture with some of this. We do however want to make the point that also in the Caucasus, climate change is no more myth. Otto ...
... Unfortunately, the format did not allow the use of other Caucasian specialities, such as music, film, cuisine or toasts, it will be up to the reader to accompany his or her lecture with some of this. We do however want to make the point that also in the Caucasus, climate change is no more myth. Otto ...
Simulating effects of land use changes on carbon fluxes: past
... and Ciais, 2004). This limitation can be overcome by endogenous modelling of LULUC processes based on spatially explicit land use maps. Previous global studies taking this approach used terrestrial models either forced by prescribed climate fields and atmospheric CO2 (McGuire et al., 2001) or run as ...
... and Ciais, 2004). This limitation can be overcome by endogenous modelling of LULUC processes based on spatially explicit land use maps. Previous global studies taking this approach used terrestrial models either forced by prescribed climate fields and atmospheric CO2 (McGuire et al., 2001) or run as ...
Climate Change in Zambia
... 1. The information compiled suggests that Zambia is vulnerable to current and future climate change and variability. The country has already recorded increases in temperature and reduced rainfall in the last few decades, with temperatures estimated to increase at 0.6oC every ten years. The frequency ...
... 1. The information compiled suggests that Zambia is vulnerable to current and future climate change and variability. The country has already recorded increases in temperature and reduced rainfall in the last few decades, with temperatures estimated to increase at 0.6oC every ten years. The frequency ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.