Quantifying Intensive and extensive margin adaptation responses to
... three well-known climate models to simulate future household electricity consumption at the ZIP code level under climate change, taking into account both intensive (“first stage”) and extensive margin (“second stage”) adjustments. Finally, we calculate the above projections with and without projecti ...
... three well-known climate models to simulate future household electricity consumption at the ZIP code level under climate change, taking into account both intensive (“first stage”) and extensive margin (“second stage”) adjustments. Finally, we calculate the above projections with and without projecti ...
International Legal Protection for Climate Refugees: Where Lies the
... Rising levels of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, have warmed the earth and are the driving force behind the changes in the earth’s climate.9 Carbon dioxide concentrations amount to about 80 per cent of the total caused by greenhouse gases.10 Carbon dioxide emissions are ...
... Rising levels of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, have warmed the earth and are the driving force behind the changes in the earth’s climate.9 Carbon dioxide concentrations amount to about 80 per cent of the total caused by greenhouse gases.10 Carbon dioxide emissions are ...
Air-mass Origin in the Arctic. Part II: Response to Increases in
... Future changes in transport from Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes into the Arctic are examined using rigorously defined air-mass fractions that partition air in the Arctic according to where it last had contact with the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Boreal winter (December–February) and summe ...
... Future changes in transport from Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes into the Arctic are examined using rigorously defined air-mass fractions that partition air in the Arctic according to where it last had contact with the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Boreal winter (December–February) and summe ...
Media coverage of climate change: current trends, strengths
... he was “99 percent certain" that warmer temperatures were caused by the burning of fossil fuels and not solely a result of natural variation, and that “it is time to stop waffling so much and say that the evidence is pretty strong that the greenhouse effect is here” (Shabecoff 1988, A1). This dramat ...
... he was “99 percent certain" that warmer temperatures were caused by the burning of fossil fuels and not solely a result of natural variation, and that “it is time to stop waffling so much and say that the evidence is pretty strong that the greenhouse effect is here” (Shabecoff 1988, A1). This dramat ...
Total aerosol effect: radiative forcing or radiative flux perturbation?
... method, which is straightforward to calculate in most global aerosol models. Two questions arise about the RFP method: (1) Is it a valid approach for comparing aerosol effects that include fast feedbacks and interactions (cloud lifetime effect, semi-direct effect or aerosol interactions with mixed-p ...
... method, which is straightforward to calculate in most global aerosol models. Two questions arise about the RFP method: (1) Is it a valid approach for comparing aerosol effects that include fast feedbacks and interactions (cloud lifetime effect, semi-direct effect or aerosol interactions with mixed-p ...
- ACE CRC
... More than 90% of the extra heat energy stored by the planet in the last 50 years, and about 30% of the carbon dioxide released by human activities over the same period has been absorbed in the ocean. By absorbing heat and carbon dioxide, the oceans have slowed the rate of climate change. The Souther ...
... More than 90% of the extra heat energy stored by the planet in the last 50 years, and about 30% of the carbon dioxide released by human activities over the same period has been absorbed in the ocean. By absorbing heat and carbon dioxide, the oceans have slowed the rate of climate change. The Souther ...
Can cosmic rays affect cloud condensation nuclei by altering new
... at the smallest sizes where they have fast coagulational scavenging timescales [Pierce and Adams, 2007]. Although more particles have formed giving the potential for more CCN to form, the probability of any particle surviving to CCN size is much lower. This strong negative feedback strongly dampens ...
... at the smallest sizes where they have fast coagulational scavenging timescales [Pierce and Adams, 2007]. Although more particles have formed giving the potential for more CCN to form, the probability of any particle surviving to CCN size is much lower. This strong negative feedback strongly dampens ...
Geographical restructuring of Arabidopsis thaliana`s
... and strategies. Yet, we need to factor in intraspecific genetic variation since a species is an ...
... and strategies. Yet, we need to factor in intraspecific genetic variation since a species is an ...
Adaptive Thermoregulation in Endotherms May
... that maintaining a narrow range of Tbs allows biochemical systems to perform maximally at normal Tb (Heinrich 1977; Hochachka and Somero 2002). However, maintaining a high and constant Tb is energetically expensive and thus we should expect some variation in Tb, either temporally or regionally withi ...
... that maintaining a narrow range of Tbs allows biochemical systems to perform maximally at normal Tb (Heinrich 1977; Hochachka and Somero 2002). However, maintaining a high and constant Tb is energetically expensive and thus we should expect some variation in Tb, either temporally or regionally withi ...
Future change of the Indian Ocean basin
... Total 20 CGCMs participated in CMIP5 are used in this study. Table 1 lists the model name, institution and horizontal resolution of atmospheric component. Two experiments are investigated. One is the historical run (i.e., the twentieth century run) from 1850 to 2005 and the other is the RCP 4.5 run ...
... Total 20 CGCMs participated in CMIP5 are used in this study. Table 1 lists the model name, institution and horizontal resolution of atmospheric component. Two experiments are investigated. One is the historical run (i.e., the twentieth century run) from 1850 to 2005 and the other is the RCP 4.5 run ...
View/Open
... Knowledge about the impact of climate change on hunger has evolved significantly over the last 15 years. Initial studies1 concluded that decreases in yields of wheat, rice and maize caused by increased heat and water stress would be greatest in developing countries, and projected these decreases to ...
... Knowledge about the impact of climate change on hunger has evolved significantly over the last 15 years. Initial studies1 concluded that decreases in yields of wheat, rice and maize caused by increased heat and water stress would be greatest in developing countries, and projected these decreases to ...
Impacts of global warming on arctic pelagic ecosystems and pelagic
... THE ARCTIC has an important, but so far inadequately known role on the climate of the globe. Recent observational studies have revealed significant reductions in Arctic sea-ice cover and thickness and increased air and ocean temperatures, indicating that we may already be seeing the early warning si ...
... THE ARCTIC has an important, but so far inadequately known role on the climate of the globe. Recent observational studies have revealed significant reductions in Arctic sea-ice cover and thickness and increased air and ocean temperatures, indicating that we may already be seeing the early warning si ...
Climatic Variations and the Market Value of
... hurricane development region of the tropical Atlantic relative to the entire tropical Atlantic), a question that cannot be settled with existing data. Knutson et al. (2008) used a regional climate model of the Atlantic basin to reproduce the pattern of hurricane counts between 1980 and 2006. But whe ...
... hurricane development region of the tropical Atlantic relative to the entire tropical Atlantic), a question that cannot be settled with existing data. Knutson et al. (2008) used a regional climate model of the Atlantic basin to reproduce the pattern of hurricane counts between 1980 and 2006. But whe ...
Myanmar`s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
... Myanmar is one of the mosthighly vulnerable countries in the world to the adverse impacts of climate change facing threats from extreme weather events, sea level rise, flooding and drought. Without action to adapt to these threats, the prospects for the economic development of our population of over ...
... Myanmar is one of the mosthighly vulnerable countries in the world to the adverse impacts of climate change facing threats from extreme weather events, sea level rise, flooding and drought. Without action to adapt to these threats, the prospects for the economic development of our population of over ...
A conceptual framework for monitoring climate effects and feedback
... impacts based on previous observed concomitant changes in climate, terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems in the Arctic (ACIA 2005). Founded upon the large amount of information provided by the assessment, ACIA has specified a range of recommendations pivotal for future climate change researc ...
... impacts based on previous observed concomitant changes in climate, terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems in the Arctic (ACIA 2005). Founded upon the large amount of information provided by the assessment, ACIA has specified a range of recommendations pivotal for future climate change researc ...
Addressing Climate Change Challenges in Ireland (07-CCRP-3.1) CCRP Report
... Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the material contained in this publication, complete accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Neither the Environmental Protection Agency nor the authors accept any responsibility whatsoever for loss or damage occasioned or claimed to have been occ ...
... Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the material contained in this publication, complete accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Neither the Environmental Protection Agency nor the authors accept any responsibility whatsoever for loss or damage occasioned or claimed to have been occ ...
Bewertung der Risiken des Klimawandels für
... On Forest Protection and Information in the EU: Preparing forests for climate change Forests have developed together with the naturally changing climate over the millennia. As climate shifted slowly, and the natural environment presented few barriers, species and communities could adapt and evolve m ...
... On Forest Protection and Information in the EU: Preparing forests for climate change Forests have developed together with the naturally changing climate over the millennia. As climate shifted slowly, and the natural environment presented few barriers, species and communities could adapt and evolve m ...
Micro-level Practices to Adapt to Climate Change for African Small
... companies introduce practices nationally, and long-term changes in climatic, market, and other conditions influence their establishment (Nhemachena and Hassan 2007). African smallholders use complex adaptation processes. In agriculture adaptation is evolutionary and occurs in the context of climatic ...
... companies introduce practices nationally, and long-term changes in climatic, market, and other conditions influence their establishment (Nhemachena and Hassan 2007). African smallholders use complex adaptation processes. In agriculture adaptation is evolutionary and occurs in the context of climatic ...
Stakeholder perceptions
... Respondents were requested to indicate the current level of support they received for climate change actions and to specify what assistance they required to implement climate change actions. Finally, respondents were asked to provide views on the usefulness of climate change guidelines for forest ma ...
... Respondents were requested to indicate the current level of support they received for climate change actions and to specify what assistance they required to implement climate change actions. Finally, respondents were asked to provide views on the usefulness of climate change guidelines for forest ma ...
Evolution of the Southern Annular Mode during the past
... and longer timescales SAM variability in the Drake Passage sector is highly representative of the circumpolar mean state of the SAM (Supplementary Figs 5 and 6). Our SAM reconstruction for the past millennium shows that the most extreme negative phase occurred during the fifteenth century (Figs 2c a ...
... and longer timescales SAM variability in the Drake Passage sector is highly representative of the circumpolar mean state of the SAM (Supplementary Figs 5 and 6). Our SAM reconstruction for the past millennium shows that the most extreme negative phase occurred during the fifteenth century (Figs 2c a ...
Why recognising variability and scale matters for t
... monsoon climate and geological structure, the temperature, precipitation and the vegetation are characterizing of zonality in Mongolia Plateau, consistent with the field study data calculated in the MP in 2013. Non-vegetated area (NDVI<0.1) and sparsely vegetated area (0.1
... monsoon climate and geological structure, the temperature, precipitation and the vegetation are characterizing of zonality in Mongolia Plateau, consistent with the field study data calculated in the MP in 2013. Non-vegetated area (NDVI<0.1) and sparsely vegetated area (0.1
3. the climate change policy framework
... Among the conclusions of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) are “that global warming since the mid-20th century was unequivocal and caused primarily by human activities and that policies enacted to date have not been substantial enough to counteract ...
... Among the conclusions of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) are “that global warming since the mid-20th century was unequivocal and caused primarily by human activities and that policies enacted to date have not been substantial enough to counteract ...
ENG - UN CC:Learn
... Climate change impact assessments are based on scenarios of projections of future climate change and are presented as changes in temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, etc. Using available information and data, it is possible to analyze the recent changes and trends in climate parameters ...
... Climate change impact assessments are based on scenarios of projections of future climate change and are presented as changes in temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, etc. Using available information and data, it is possible to analyze the recent changes and trends in climate parameters ...
Climate, biodiversity, and forests : issues and opportunities
... Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change is a key step towards the mitigation of climate change-it was the first international agreement to place legally binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions from developed countries. Although the Protocol significantly advanced the cause of ...
... Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change is a key step towards the mitigation of climate change-it was the first international agreement to place legally binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions from developed countries. Although the Protocol significantly advanced the cause of ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.