Projection of occurrence of extreme drywet years and seasons in
... amount is found (black square). For Malaga, this value is 230 mm/yr: There is a probability of 2.3% for any given year to have less than 230 mm of precipitation. [21] The SPI is very flexible. Since it is a normalized measure relative to a specific location and period, it has the advantage that its va ...
... amount is found (black square). For Malaga, this value is 230 mm/yr: There is a probability of 2.3% for any given year to have less than 230 mm of precipitation. [21] The SPI is very flexible. Since it is a normalized measure relative to a specific location and period, it has the advantage that its va ...
The Arab Spring and Climate Change
... Studies investigate the vulnerability of the Middle East and North Africa region to fluctuations of food supply and prices both globally and locally, and how current and projected climatic changes interact with those phenomena. They conclude that, “The Arab Spring would likely have come one way or a ...
... Studies investigate the vulnerability of the Middle East and North Africa region to fluctuations of food supply and prices both globally and locally, and how current and projected climatic changes interact with those phenomena. They conclude that, “The Arab Spring would likely have come one way or a ...
Philippine businesses’ response to climate
... Responses from businesses in the Philippines are consistent with those of businesses in other countries, with most interest in policy and regulation and tecnhology. The importance of finance and business is also high. Businesses are primarily looking to governments for information on policy and regu ...
... Responses from businesses in the Philippines are consistent with those of businesses in other countries, with most interest in policy and regulation and tecnhology. The importance of finance and business is also high. Businesses are primarily looking to governments for information on policy and regu ...
2 Forest soil functions
... CC0242 developed a modelling tool for estimating changes in soil carbon stocks due to changes in land use and management for the National Carbon Dioxide Inventory, although the system was also applied to possible climate impacts using UKCIP02 and HadCM3 scenario data. This showed that, assuming cons ...
... CC0242 developed a modelling tool for estimating changes in soil carbon stocks due to changes in land use and management for the National Carbon Dioxide Inventory, although the system was also applied to possible climate impacts using UKCIP02 and HadCM3 scenario data. This showed that, assuming cons ...
climate change - Union of Concerned Scientists
... species. • Climate conditions suitable for prized hardwood tree species such as black cherry, sugar maple, and American beech are projected to decline or even vanish from the state. If Pennsylvania and the rest of the world take action to dramatically reduce emissions consistent with or even belo ...
... species. • Climate conditions suitable for prized hardwood tree species such as black cherry, sugar maple, and American beech are projected to decline or even vanish from the state. If Pennsylvania and the rest of the world take action to dramatically reduce emissions consistent with or even belo ...
Summer Season Water Temperature Modeling under the Climate
... criteria, based on the climate change scenarios. Hence, water temperature issues could be one of the The objective of this study is therefore to simulated future water temperature of the Fourchue main challenges in the perspective of climate change and aquatic ecosystem. River, which is a relatively ...
... criteria, based on the climate change scenarios. Hence, water temperature issues could be one of the The objective of this study is therefore to simulated future water temperature of the Fourchue main challenges in the perspective of climate change and aquatic ecosystem. River, which is a relatively ...
AAA vol 2 CD.indb - Department of Geography
... warming of the lower atmosphere is an increase in activelayer thickness, which induces permafrost degradation and amplifies the rates of geomorphic processes. As a consequence, thermokarst features are prone to occur in icerich and unconsolidated sediments, active-layer detachment slides and debris ...
... warming of the lower atmosphere is an increase in activelayer thickness, which induces permafrost degradation and amplifies the rates of geomorphic processes. As a consequence, thermokarst features are prone to occur in icerich and unconsolidated sediments, active-layer detachment slides and debris ...
Vulnerability to climate change in the Arctic: A case study from Arctic
... decisions such as where to hunt, what to hunt, when, and what equipment is taken along. Climate change interacts to affect the characteristics of climate-related conditions, changing the nature of the potential risks or exposures posed. Adaptive capacity (Fig. 1) refers to a community’s potential or ...
... decisions such as where to hunt, what to hunt, when, and what equipment is taken along. Climate change interacts to affect the characteristics of climate-related conditions, changing the nature of the potential risks or exposures posed. Adaptive capacity (Fig. 1) refers to a community’s potential or ...
Lecture 1 CIP Module Montreal Conference Draft
... behaves over relatively long periods of time. In most places, weather can change from minuteto-minute, hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season. Climate, however, is the average of weather over time and space. An easy way to remember the difference is that climate is what you expect, like a ve ...
... behaves over relatively long periods of time. In most places, weather can change from minuteto-minute, hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season. Climate, however, is the average of weather over time and space. An easy way to remember the difference is that climate is what you expect, like a ve ...
Vienna Convention Trust Fund Advisory Committee
... surface UV radiation are back to their original states ...
... surface UV radiation are back to their original states ...
Temperature variation makes ectotherms more sensitive to climate
... calculated using a Gaussian quadratic function described by Deutsch et al. (2008). In this earlier study, the authors calculated the critical maximum (CTmax) and optimum temperature (To) for 38 terrestrial insect species using available empirical data on intrinsic growth rate at several temperatures ...
... calculated using a Gaussian quadratic function described by Deutsch et al. (2008). In this earlier study, the authors calculated the critical maximum (CTmax) and optimum temperature (To) for 38 terrestrial insect species using available empirical data on intrinsic growth rate at several temperatures ...
Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise: A Review of Studies on Low
... thereby affecting the coastal areas as well as islands deeply. Sea level rise is a major impact of climate change and is the most important concern around the world at present. According to (IPCC, 2014), the emission of greenhouse gases from small islands are negligible in relation to global emissio ...
... thereby affecting the coastal areas as well as islands deeply. Sea level rise is a major impact of climate change and is the most important concern around the world at present. According to (IPCC, 2014), the emission of greenhouse gases from small islands are negligible in relation to global emissio ...
LCARL362_en.pdf
... Between 2008 and 2011, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has worked on a project to assess the economic impact of climate change in the Caribbean. The overall aim is to prepare the Caribbean region to better respond to climate change, while fostering ...
... Between 2008 and 2011, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has worked on a project to assess the economic impact of climate change in the Caribbean. The overall aim is to prepare the Caribbean region to better respond to climate change, while fostering ...
Climate warming will reduce growth and survival of Scots pine
... for MAT shift and !noise" includes variance due to factors unrelated to MAT). Given this, one would expect that a relatively large number of sites would likely be required to adequately characterize the response of a single population to an inferred gradient, such as in DMAT, across multiple sites. ...
... for MAT shift and !noise" includes variance due to factors unrelated to MAT). Given this, one would expect that a relatively large number of sites would likely be required to adequately characterize the response of a single population to an inferred gradient, such as in DMAT, across multiple sites. ...
View/Open
... Climate change in the Arctic region affects tundra vegetation composition. The northernmost tundra is dominated by mosses and lichens due to the extremely low summer temperatures. Southwards, with increasing summer temperatures, graminoids and dwarf shrubs increase in abundance (Walker et al., 2005) ...
... Climate change in the Arctic region affects tundra vegetation composition. The northernmost tundra is dominated by mosses and lichens due to the extremely low summer temperatures. Southwards, with increasing summer temperatures, graminoids and dwarf shrubs increase in abundance (Walker et al., 2005) ...
aberdeen beach case study
... Scotland’s coast has been affected by flooding throughout its history. There have been a total of 304 flood incidents recorded over the past 150 years, one of the most significant recorded being the 1953 flood in the North East region of Scotland (including the Forth Estuary). Present annualised as ...
... Scotland’s coast has been affected by flooding throughout its history. There have been a total of 304 flood incidents recorded over the past 150 years, one of the most significant recorded being the 1953 flood in the North East region of Scotland (including the Forth Estuary). Present annualised as ...
Garamvölgyi - Climate change - Applied Ecology and Environmental
... Science on Europe and boreal Eurasia and give an overview of observed and predicted changes in vegetation in these regions. The main trends include advance of the tree line, reduction of the alpine vegetation belt, drought risk, forest diebacks, a shift from coniferous forests to deciduous forests a ...
... Science on Europe and boreal Eurasia and give an overview of observed and predicted changes in vegetation in these regions. The main trends include advance of the tree line, reduction of the alpine vegetation belt, drought risk, forest diebacks, a shift from coniferous forests to deciduous forests a ...
Emerging Markets for Carbon Stored by Northwest Forests
... basic strategies: (1) energy efficiency and conservation (improving energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, factories and power plants), (2) shifting to lower-carbon energy sources (from coal to natural gas, for example, or developing renewable energy sources such as ...
... basic strategies: (1) energy efficiency and conservation (improving energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, factories and power plants), (2) shifting to lower-carbon energy sources (from coal to natural gas, for example, or developing renewable energy sources such as ...
Impacts of climate change on vegetation distribution. No. 1
... Science on Europe and boreal Eurasia and give an overview of observed and predicted changes in vegetation in these regions. The main trends include advance of the tree line, reduction of the alpine vegetation belt, drought risk, forest diebacks, a shift from coniferous forests to deciduous forests a ...
... Science on Europe and boreal Eurasia and give an overview of observed and predicted changes in vegetation in these regions. The main trends include advance of the tree line, reduction of the alpine vegetation belt, drought risk, forest diebacks, a shift from coniferous forests to deciduous forests a ...
Climate change: hydrological impact studies
... Water balance models essentially keep track of the components in the water balance equation, thereby describing the storage components in varying degree of complexity. These models calculate the water balance components for consecutive time steps, varying from daily to annual, but mostly monthly. ...
... Water balance models essentially keep track of the components in the water balance equation, thereby describing the storage components in varying degree of complexity. These models calculate the water balance components for consecutive time steps, varying from daily to annual, but mostly monthly. ...
Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
... Climate change can no longer be completely prevented. The mean temperature in Finland is expected to rise by more than the global average. The speed of such change is a major challenge to society and to nature. It is vitally important to mitigate the progress of climate change and to reduce greenhou ...
... Climate change can no longer be completely prevented. The mean temperature in Finland is expected to rise by more than the global average. The speed of such change is a major challenge to society and to nature. It is vitally important to mitigate the progress of climate change and to reduce greenhou ...
Changing Climate, Changing Forests: The Impacts of Climate Change on
... gases in the atmosphere. The emissions of these gases, which are accelerating, are trapping heat and altering the Earth’s climate. Our climate shapes our basic living conditions. It controls the growth of agricultural and forest crops that supply our food and fiber, determines our energy needs for h ...
... gases in the atmosphere. The emissions of these gases, which are accelerating, are trapping heat and altering the Earth’s climate. Our climate shapes our basic living conditions. It controls the growth of agricultural and forest crops that supply our food and fiber, determines our energy needs for h ...
An Assessment of the Foundational Assumptions in High-Resolution Climate Projections: The Case of UKCP09
... theory and generating projections are but a few items on a long list. Many of these goals can be (and indeed have been) pursued with climate models. The declared aim and purpose of UKCP09 is to provide decision-relevant projections, on which industry and policy makers can base their future plans. Th ...
... theory and generating projections are but a few items on a long list. Many of these goals can be (and indeed have been) pursued with climate models. The declared aim and purpose of UKCP09 is to provide decision-relevant projections, on which industry and policy makers can base their future plans. Th ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.