Answer Key - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... a. (12 points) Metabolic pathways often reuse reaction motifs to perform the necessary transformations required. List six major reaction types and the generalized outcome achieved by each reaction/their reactive purpose. - Oxidation-reduction reactions: Derives energy from the oxidation of carbon co ...
... a. (12 points) Metabolic pathways often reuse reaction motifs to perform the necessary transformations required. List six major reaction types and the generalized outcome achieved by each reaction/their reactive purpose. - Oxidation-reduction reactions: Derives energy from the oxidation of carbon co ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
... reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. ...
... reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. ...
Exam #1 Graduate: PEP 426 Intermediate Exercise Physiology
... 3. NAD+ has the greatest reduction potential of all electron transport molecules in the mitochondria. 4. AMP is an allosteric activator of both phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase. 5. Palmitate is the main fatty acid metabolized in the body. 6. Glycogenolysis needs ATP for phosphate addition to gl ...
... 3. NAD+ has the greatest reduction potential of all electron transport molecules in the mitochondria. 4. AMP is an allosteric activator of both phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase. 5. Palmitate is the main fatty acid metabolized in the body. 6. Glycogenolysis needs ATP for phosphate addition to gl ...
Chapter 25: Metabolism
... Proteins • Body synthesizes 100,000 to 140,000 proteins: – Each with different form, function, and structure ...
... Proteins • Body synthesizes 100,000 to 140,000 proteins: – Each with different form, function, and structure ...
ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Powerpoint
... mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) ...
... mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) ...
1. Substrate level phosphorylation A) is part
... group with the methyl carbon labeled with 14C is used in the last reaction cycle. All other reactions before and after use unlabeled acetate. Which carbon is labeled in the resulting product molecule? As you know, fatty acids are numbered with the carboxyl group being number 1. A) carbon number 2 B) ...
... group with the methyl carbon labeled with 14C is used in the last reaction cycle. All other reactions before and after use unlabeled acetate. Which carbon is labeled in the resulting product molecule? As you know, fatty acids are numbered with the carboxyl group being number 1. A) carbon number 2 B) ...
BIOCHEMISTRY, CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TEST Time—170 minutes
... e. Equal amount of the protonated and unprotonated forms. ...
... e. Equal amount of the protonated and unprotonated forms. ...
Sample exam questions Chapter 11 Carbohydrates
... D. cytochrome c E. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 33) Proton flow through the ATP synthase enzyme A. provides the energy for adding a phosphate to ADP to make ATP * B. results in an equilibration of protons inside and outside of the mitochrondria. C. produces local pH changes in the active site w ...
... D. cytochrome c E. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 33) Proton flow through the ATP synthase enzyme A. provides the energy for adding a phosphate to ADP to make ATP * B. results in an equilibration of protons inside and outside of the mitochrondria. C. produces local pH changes in the active site w ...
Document
... In animals and bacteria the extra step converts pyruvate to lactate (or lactic acid). This is a reduction, so NADH is used and NAD is regenerated, to be used in glycolysis. The reaction is reversible, so the energy remaining in the lactate molecule can be retrieved when oxygen becomes available and ...
... In animals and bacteria the extra step converts pyruvate to lactate (or lactic acid). This is a reduction, so NADH is used and NAD is regenerated, to be used in glycolysis. The reaction is reversible, so the energy remaining in the lactate molecule can be retrieved when oxygen becomes available and ...
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
... Conformational changes take place, particularly around the heme a3-CuB center, in the course of the reaction cycle. ...
... Conformational changes take place, particularly around the heme a3-CuB center, in the course of the reaction cycle. ...
Chapter 9
... Therefore, the respiration of each molecule of glucose causes the Krebs cycle to turn two times. • Pyruvate must first combine with coenzyme A (a vitamin) to form acetyl co-A, which does enter the Krebs cycle. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl co-A produces 2 molecules of NADH, 1 NADH for each py ...
... Therefore, the respiration of each molecule of glucose causes the Krebs cycle to turn two times. • Pyruvate must first combine with coenzyme A (a vitamin) to form acetyl co-A, which does enter the Krebs cycle. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl co-A produces 2 molecules of NADH, 1 NADH for each py ...
Key enzymes in glycolysis
... - Pyruvate: enters the mitochondria & is converted into acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to yield energy in the form of ATP - NADH: utilizes mitochondria & oxygen to yield energy 2- In cells with no mitochondria or adequate oxygen (or Both) (Anaerobic glycolysis) Lactate ...
... - Pyruvate: enters the mitochondria & is converted into acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to yield energy in the form of ATP - NADH: utilizes mitochondria & oxygen to yield energy 2- In cells with no mitochondria or adequate oxygen (or Both) (Anaerobic glycolysis) Lactate ...
Getting a good rate of exchange – the mitochondrial ADP
... 1000 times a day for each ATP molecule, the total mass of ATP passing across the inner membrane of our body's mitochondria is more than 50kg each day – so almost equalling our entire body mass. ATP and ADP are negatively charged owing to their phosphate groups, but partly neutralised in solution by ...
... 1000 times a day for each ATP molecule, the total mass of ATP passing across the inner membrane of our body's mitochondria is more than 50kg each day – so almost equalling our entire body mass. ATP and ADP are negatively charged owing to their phosphate groups, but partly neutralised in solution by ...
How Cells Harvest Energy
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
Name Date Period 1. What are the end products of aerobic cell
... Acetyl coenzyme A combining or joining with a C4 compound to give C6 + coenzyme A ...
... Acetyl coenzyme A combining or joining with a C4 compound to give C6 + coenzyme A ...
Respiration Respiration Respiration
... ΔG = -686kcal/mol of glucose ΔG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
... ΔG = -686kcal/mol of glucose ΔG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
Glycolysis
... - Pyruvate: enters the mitochondria & is converted into acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to yield energy in the form of ATP - NADH: utilizes mitochondria & oxygen to yield energy 2- In cells with no mitochondria or adequate oxygen (or Both) (Anaerobic glycolysis) Lactate ...
... - Pyruvate: enters the mitochondria & is converted into acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to yield energy in the form of ATP - NADH: utilizes mitochondria & oxygen to yield energy 2- In cells with no mitochondria or adequate oxygen (or Both) (Anaerobic glycolysis) Lactate ...
Cellular Respiration
... Food Molecules • Other organic molecules used for fuel. 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 2. Fats: glycerol and fatty acids ...
... Food Molecules • Other organic molecules used for fuel. 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 2. Fats: glycerol and fatty acids ...
ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Powerpoint
... mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) ...
... mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) ...
Cell Respiration
... – energy released from the hydrolysis of bonds is used to synthesize ATP during step 7 – NAD+ (steps 3, 5 and 10) and FAD (step 8) are reduced to NADH and FADH2 and further contributes to the H+ gradient in the mitochondria ...
... – energy released from the hydrolysis of bonds is used to synthesize ATP during step 7 – NAD+ (steps 3, 5 and 10) and FAD (step 8) are reduced to NADH and FADH2 and further contributes to the H+ gradient in the mitochondria ...
The Outer Membrane of Gram-negative Bacteria and - Beck-Shop
... having a very small diameter (7 by 10 Å in their most constricted portion) which slows down or completely stops antibiotic influx, and by lining the channel with charged amino acid residues which orient the water molecules in a fixed direction. These charged residues make the influx of lipophilic m ...
... having a very small diameter (7 by 10 Å in their most constricted portion) which slows down or completely stops antibiotic influx, and by lining the channel with charged amino acid residues which orient the water molecules in a fixed direction. These charged residues make the influx of lipophilic m ...
The Process of Cellular Respiration
... • Chemiosmosis: an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work – In this case: coupling of the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis ...
... • Chemiosmosis: an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work – In this case: coupling of the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis ...
Chapter 7
... Aerobic Respiration varies from cell to cell. (36-38) • Most eukaryotic cells produce only 36 molecules per glucose molecule because the active transport of NADH through a cell membrane uses up some ATP. • When 38 ATP molecules are generated the efficiency is calculated as follows: Efficiency of Cel ...
... Aerobic Respiration varies from cell to cell. (36-38) • Most eukaryotic cells produce only 36 molecules per glucose molecule because the active transport of NADH through a cell membrane uses up some ATP. • When 38 ATP molecules are generated the efficiency is calculated as follows: Efficiency of Cel ...
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.