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... 26) The purpose of the reactions of fermentation are therefore to replenish the supply of __________ so that glycolysis can continue and produce ATP. ...
... 26) The purpose of the reactions of fermentation are therefore to replenish the supply of __________ so that glycolysis can continue and produce ATP. ...
Intracellular Respiration
... gradient, produced by the movement of electrons along the transport chain, as the exergonic flow of electrons pumps H+ into the intermembrane space. 1. this creates a proton-motive force 2. these H+ protons diffuse through ATP synthase. Their exergonic energy is used to power ATP synthesis ...
... gradient, produced by the movement of electrons along the transport chain, as the exergonic flow of electrons pumps H+ into the intermembrane space. 1. this creates a proton-motive force 2. these H+ protons diffuse through ATP synthase. Their exergonic energy is used to power ATP synthesis ...
BIO 330 Cell Biology Lecture Outline Spring 2011 Chapter 9
... In absence of oxygen Pyruvate is reduced by NADH to regenerate NAD+ Lactate fermentation Lactate dehydrogenase works in either direction depending on prevailing conditions in the cell Lactic acid produced in muscle is carried to liver and reincorporated into glucose via gluconeogenesis Lactic acid i ...
... In absence of oxygen Pyruvate is reduced by NADH to regenerate NAD+ Lactate fermentation Lactate dehydrogenase works in either direction depending on prevailing conditions in the cell Lactic acid produced in muscle is carried to liver and reincorporated into glucose via gluconeogenesis Lactic acid i ...
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... Describe how ATP is made in cellular respiration. Identify the role of fermentation in cellular respiration. Evaluate the importance of oxygen in aerobic respiration. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. ...
... Describe how ATP is made in cellular respiration. Identify the role of fermentation in cellular respiration. Evaluate the importance of oxygen in aerobic respiration. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. ...
How Cells Harvest Energy
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
CH 2. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... respiration is as follows: C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + 36 ATP glucose ...
... respiration is as follows: C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + 36 ATP glucose ...
Notes-Cellular Respiration
... Why does it have to be broken down this way? • cells have to release the chemical energy in food molecules (like glucose) gradually • otherwise most of the energy would be lost in the form of heat and light. ...
... Why does it have to be broken down this way? • cells have to release the chemical energy in food molecules (like glucose) gradually • otherwise most of the energy would be lost in the form of heat and light. ...
Lecture 22 Urea Cycle, Gluconeogenesis and Glyoxalate
... nitrogen source, and is (positively) allosterically controlled by N-acetyl glutamate (the product of the first step in the biosynthesis of ornithine). The cytosolic isoforms CPS II utilises glutamine as nitrogen source. These enzyme catalyses the first step in pyrimidine biosynthesis (and also of ar ...
... nitrogen source, and is (positively) allosterically controlled by N-acetyl glutamate (the product of the first step in the biosynthesis of ornithine). The cytosolic isoforms CPS II utilises glutamine as nitrogen source. These enzyme catalyses the first step in pyrimidine biosynthesis (and also of ar ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
... reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. ...
... reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. ...
Krebs cycle
... 6.12 Chemiosmosis powers ATP production • The electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen • Energy released by the electrons is used to pump H+ ions into the space between the mitochondrial membranes • In chemiosmosis, the H+ ions diffuse back through the inner m ...
... 6.12 Chemiosmosis powers ATP production • The electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen • Energy released by the electrons is used to pump H+ ions into the space between the mitochondrial membranes • In chemiosmosis, the H+ ions diffuse back through the inner m ...
7-cellular-respiration
... respiration including the names of the enzymes involved. More detail about how ATP is synthesised. About some alternative substrates for respiration. About the regulation of the chemical pathways involved with respiration. ...
... respiration including the names of the enzymes involved. More detail about how ATP is synthesised. About some alternative substrates for respiration. About the regulation of the chemical pathways involved with respiration. ...
electron transport chain
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
Chapter 7
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once ...
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once ...
Energy Cycle in Vertebrates - Jean
... circular pathway called b-oxidation, and the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is also oxidized to acetyl-CoA. Then, acetyl-CoA is metabolized through the reactions of the Krebs cycle. This cycle is also located in the mitochondrial matrix and it consists of a series of eight enzymatic reactions that ...
... circular pathway called b-oxidation, and the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is also oxidized to acetyl-CoA. Then, acetyl-CoA is metabolized through the reactions of the Krebs cycle. This cycle is also located in the mitochondrial matrix and it consists of a series of eight enzymatic reactions that ...
RESPIRATION: SYNTHESIS OF ATP
... plants make lactic or malic acid and tolerate these better. ! Most animals make lactic acid, but the acid hurts; goldfish make EtOH and excrete it. ...
... plants make lactic or malic acid and tolerate these better. ! Most animals make lactic acid, but the acid hurts; goldfish make EtOH and excrete it. ...
Pineau B, Bourge M, Marion J, Mauve C, Gilard F, Maneta
... Much less information is available on CL function in plants, as the characteristics of plant cls mutants and of CL-lacking plants are unclear. Although stable mitochondrial supercomplexes containing complex I (CI) and dimeric complex III have been described in several species (Eubel et al., 2003, 20 ...
... Much less information is available on CL function in plants, as the characteristics of plant cls mutants and of CL-lacking plants are unclear. Although stable mitochondrial supercomplexes containing complex I (CI) and dimeric complex III have been described in several species (Eubel et al., 2003, 20 ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... ______ 2 glyceraldehyde phosphates are oxidized ______ 2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH ______ Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs ______ 4 ADP + 4P Æ 4 ATP ______ 2 ATP molecules are used ______ Glucose & intermediate compounds are phosphorylated ______ Fructose 1,6-diphosphate split into two 3-C co ...
... ______ 2 glyceraldehyde phosphates are oxidized ______ 2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH ______ Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs ______ 4 ADP + 4P Æ 4 ATP ______ 2 ATP molecules are used ______ Glucose & intermediate compounds are phosphorylated ______ Fructose 1,6-diphosphate split into two 3-C co ...
Cellular Respiration
... I- NADH reductase oxidizes NADH to NAD+ resulting in high energy electron II- high energy electron transfers through coenzyme Q to cytochrome reductase III- travels through the cytochrome c IV- travels into cytochrome oxidase where it is now low energy and binds to oxygen to form water ...
... I- NADH reductase oxidizes NADH to NAD+ resulting in high energy electron II- high energy electron transfers through coenzyme Q to cytochrome reductase III- travels through the cytochrome c IV- travels into cytochrome oxidase where it is now low energy and binds to oxygen to form water ...
Glycolysis and fermentation
... respiration will occur in the mitochondria of the cell, but there is no available oxygen, fermentation will take place in the cytoplasm. Absence of oxygen ...
... respiration will occur in the mitochondria of the cell, but there is no available oxygen, fermentation will take place in the cytoplasm. Absence of oxygen ...
Document
... respiration will occur in the mitochondria of the cell, but there is no available oxygen, fermentation will take place in the cytoplasm. Absence of oxygen ...
... respiration will occur in the mitochondria of the cell, but there is no available oxygen, fermentation will take place in the cytoplasm. Absence of oxygen ...
1. Diagram energy flow through the biosphere
... In the Krebs cycle, pyruvate’s fate depends on the presence of O2. 1. If O2 is present, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion where it is completely oxidized by a series of enzyme-controlled reactions (moved by a carrier protein in the mitochondrial membrane) 2. Oxidizing of the remaining acetyl fragmen ...
... In the Krebs cycle, pyruvate’s fate depends on the presence of O2. 1. If O2 is present, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion where it is completely oxidized by a series of enzyme-controlled reactions (moved by a carrier protein in the mitochondrial membrane) 2. Oxidizing of the remaining acetyl fragmen ...
H 2 O 2
... on protons, but also on concentrations of other ions, ΔG = – nFΔ The proton motive force Δ p is the quantity expressed in the term of potential (milivolts per mole of H+ transferred): Δ p = – ΔG / nF = Δ + 60 Δ pH . Utilization of proton motive force • synthesis of ATP = aerobic phosphorylation • ...
... on protons, but also on concentrations of other ions, ΔG = – nFΔ The proton motive force Δ p is the quantity expressed in the term of potential (milivolts per mole of H+ transferred): Δ p = – ΔG / nF = Δ + 60 Δ pH . Utilization of proton motive force • synthesis of ATP = aerobic phosphorylation • ...
Where is energy stored in biomolecules like sugars, carbs, lipids, etc.
... the mitochondria. Both build up a concentration of hydrogen to power the transformation of ADP into ...
... the mitochondria. Both build up a concentration of hydrogen to power the transformation of ADP into ...
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.