
03 - Respiration II, Photosynthesis I (ch.9,10) Sum13
... Which step so far has loaded the most electron carriers? A. B. C. D. E. ...
... Which step so far has loaded the most electron carriers? A. B. C. D. E. ...
Bettleheim Chapter 20
... products of the Citric Acid Cycle Reduced (or spent) Coenzymes – NADH – FADH2 Carry H+ and e- and yield energy when combining with oxygen: 4 H+ + 4 e- + O2 ...
... products of the Citric Acid Cycle Reduced (or spent) Coenzymes – NADH – FADH2 Carry H+ and e- and yield energy when combining with oxygen: 4 H+ + 4 e- + O2 ...
Fatty Acid oxidation
... α-oxidation occurs in brain tissue in order to oxidize short chain FAs Inα-oxidation,there is one carbon atom removed at time from α position It does not require CoA and does not generate high- energy phosphates This type of oxidation is significant in the metabolism of dietary FAs that are methylat ...
... α-oxidation occurs in brain tissue in order to oxidize short chain FAs Inα-oxidation,there is one carbon atom removed at time from α position It does not require CoA and does not generate high- energy phosphates This type of oxidation is significant in the metabolism of dietary FAs that are methylat ...
CH 9 CQ
... b) They evolved before photosynthesis and used electron acceptors other than oxygen. c) Individual enzymes were present before photosynthesis but served other functions, such as amino acid metabolism. d) They evolved when the ancestral eukaryotes acquired mitochondria. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... b) They evolved before photosynthesis and used electron acceptors other than oxygen. c) Individual enzymes were present before photosynthesis but served other functions, such as amino acid metabolism. d) They evolved when the ancestral eukaryotes acquired mitochondria. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Cellular Respiration
... • The Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) occurs only when oxygen is present but it doesn't use oxygen directly. • Oxygen is directly used in Step 3:The Electron Transport Chain. ...
... • The Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) occurs only when oxygen is present but it doesn't use oxygen directly. • Oxygen is directly used in Step 3:The Electron Transport Chain. ...
Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... • Fatty Acids (FA) and Triglycerides (TG) – high density energy store ...
... • Fatty Acids (FA) and Triglycerides (TG) – high density energy store ...
222 Coenzymes.p65
... This Factsheet summarises the role of coenzymes in photosynthesis and respiration and illustrates the types of exam questions which feature coenzymes. Coenzymes are small, organic, non-protein molecules that carry e.g. electrons and protons between enzymes. They are a type of cofactor – a substance ...
... This Factsheet summarises the role of coenzymes in photosynthesis and respiration and illustrates the types of exam questions which feature coenzymes. Coenzymes are small, organic, non-protein molecules that carry e.g. electrons and protons between enzymes. They are a type of cofactor – a substance ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Electron Transport Chain(ETC)
... • Electrons stored in the form of the reduced coenzymes, NADH or [FADH2], are passed through an elaborate and highly organized chain of proteins and coenzymes, therefore called electron transport chain, finally reaching O2 (molecular oxygen) is the terminal electron acceptor. • Each component of th ...
... • Electrons stored in the form of the reduced coenzymes, NADH or [FADH2], are passed through an elaborate and highly organized chain of proteins and coenzymes, therefore called electron transport chain, finally reaching O2 (molecular oxygen) is the terminal electron acceptor. • Each component of th ...
ATP, Photosynthesis and Respiration
... •Periodically the chloroplasts runs low on ATP. •Does this to replenish ATP levels. •e- travel from the P680 ETC to P700 then to a primary eacceptor, then back to the ...
... •Periodically the chloroplasts runs low on ATP. •Does this to replenish ATP levels. •e- travel from the P680 ETC to P700 then to a primary eacceptor, then back to the ...
ATP Molecules
... • The oxidation of glucose is an exergonic reaction (releases energy) which drives ATP synthesis, which is an endergonic reaction (energy is required). • The overall equation for cellular respiration shows the coupling of glucose breakdown to ATP buildup. • The breakdown of one glucose molecule res ...
... • The oxidation of glucose is an exergonic reaction (releases energy) which drives ATP synthesis, which is an endergonic reaction (energy is required). • The overall equation for cellular respiration shows the coupling of glucose breakdown to ATP buildup. • The breakdown of one glucose molecule res ...
H +
... Where do the electrons for the ETC come from? Where is this process taking place? How do the electrons get shuttled down the ETC? How is electronegativity involved? What molecule is the final acceptor of the electrons? What is the byproduct that is generated during the ETC? The ETC does not generate ...
... Where do the electrons for the ETC come from? Where is this process taking place? How do the electrons get shuttled down the ETC? How is electronegativity involved? What molecule is the final acceptor of the electrons? What is the byproduct that is generated during the ETC? The ETC does not generate ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION Life is Work Types of
... y Chemiosmosis is an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work ...
... y Chemiosmosis is an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work ...
CellularRespirationglycolysis
... LIFE ON AN ANAEROBIC EARTH • Ancient bacteria probably used glycolysis to make ATP long before oxygen was present in Earth’s atmosphere – Glycolysis is a metabolic heirloom from the earliest cells that continues to function today in the harvest of food energy ...
... LIFE ON AN ANAEROBIC EARTH • Ancient bacteria probably used glycolysis to make ATP long before oxygen was present in Earth’s atmosphere – Glycolysis is a metabolic heirloom from the earliest cells that continues to function today in the harvest of food energy ...
Essential Cell Biology FOURTH EDITION
... Substrate Level Phosphorylation: ATP production through transfer of phosphate from molecule with higher energy phosphate bond ...
... Substrate Level Phosphorylation: ATP production through transfer of phosphate from molecule with higher energy phosphate bond ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... glucose, and some amino acids yields acetyl-CoA. • Stage 2: oxidation of acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle to form NADH and FADH2 • Stage 3: electrons are funneled into a chain of electron carriers reducing O2 to H2O. This electron flow drives the production of ATP. ...
... glucose, and some amino acids yields acetyl-CoA. • Stage 2: oxidation of acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle to form NADH and FADH2 • Stage 3: electrons are funneled into a chain of electron carriers reducing O2 to H2O. This electron flow drives the production of ATP. ...
Cellular Respiration
... o Lactic acid is then transported to the liver where it is converted to glucose. Alcoholic Fermentation o Alcoholic fermentation occurs in some plant cells and some unicellular organisms (yeast). o In alcoholic fermentation pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol (ethanol- found in beer and win ...
... o Lactic acid is then transported to the liver where it is converted to glucose. Alcoholic Fermentation o Alcoholic fermentation occurs in some plant cells and some unicellular organisms (yeast). o In alcoholic fermentation pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol (ethanol- found in beer and win ...
Principles of Biochemistry 4/e
... Q is a lipid soluble molecule that diffuses within the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane, accepting electrons from Complex I and Complex II and passing them to Complex III ...
... Q is a lipid soluble molecule that diffuses within the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane, accepting electrons from Complex I and Complex II and passing them to Complex III ...
annotated slides Power Point
... • Can often smell acetone on the breath of diabetics. • High levels of ketone bodies leads to condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis. • Because ketone bodies are acids, accumulation can lower blood pH. ...
... • Can often smell acetone on the breath of diabetics. • High levels of ketone bodies leads to condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis. • Because ketone bodies are acids, accumulation can lower blood pH. ...
1 Metabolism Metabolic pathways
... Can be run backward, called gluconeogenesis, using different enzymes for irreversible steps. – Direction is regulated by phosphofructokinase versus fructose1,6-bisphosphatase (which reverses it). Don't want both, since that would produce energy consuming futile cycles! ...
... Can be run backward, called gluconeogenesis, using different enzymes for irreversible steps. – Direction is regulated by phosphofructokinase versus fructose1,6-bisphosphatase (which reverses it). Don't want both, since that would produce energy consuming futile cycles! ...
Chapter 5 Spring 2017
... the starting molecule in each step? Where in the cell does each step occur? What is the net yield of products for each of these pathways? How is cellular respiration different between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? 18. What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in ATP production? What do NADH and FADH2 s ...
... the starting molecule in each step? Where in the cell does each step occur? What is the net yield of products for each of these pathways? How is cellular respiration different between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? 18. What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in ATP production? What do NADH and FADH2 s ...
Metabolism Summary
... • Pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA can enter the citric acid cycle where it will be further oxidized to two molecules of CO2, producing one molecule of GTP and the reduced forms of three molecules of NAD+ (NADH) and one molecule of FAD (FADH2) which can then enter the electron transport chain to prod ...
... • Pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA can enter the citric acid cycle where it will be further oxidized to two molecules of CO2, producing one molecule of GTP and the reduced forms of three molecules of NAD+ (NADH) and one molecule of FAD (FADH2) which can then enter the electron transport chain to prod ...
2 Pyruvic Acid
... During respiration electrons are removed from glucose and transported to the ETC by electron carriers. Energy from the electrons is used to synthesize ATP in the ETC. ...
... During respiration electrons are removed from glucose and transported to the ETC by electron carriers. Energy from the electrons is used to synthesize ATP in the ETC. ...
RESPIRATION: SYNTHESIS OF ATP
... plants make lactic or malic acid and tolerate these better. ! Most animals make lactic acid, but the acid hurts; goldfish make EtOH and excrete it. ...
... plants make lactic or malic acid and tolerate these better. ! Most animals make lactic acid, but the acid hurts; goldfish make EtOH and excrete it. ...
Chapter 25
... • As electrons are passed through the chain, there is a stepwise release of energy from the electrons for the generation of ATP. • In aerobic cellular respiration, the last electron receptor of the chain is molecular oxygen (O2). This final oxidation is irreversible. • The process involves a series ...
... • As electrons are passed through the chain, there is a stepwise release of energy from the electrons for the generation of ATP. • In aerobic cellular respiration, the last electron receptor of the chain is molecular oxygen (O2). This final oxidation is irreversible. • The process involves a series ...
Mitochondrion

The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.