Cellular Respiration
... - Kinases transfer phosphate groups from one molecule to another (whether it be a phosphate group from ATP or from FBP) - Substrate-level phosphorylation uses enzymes (like kinases) to phosphorylate molecules. The source of phosphate groups can be from ATP or FBP. In cellular respiration, Kinase ...
... - Kinases transfer phosphate groups from one molecule to another (whether it be a phosphate group from ATP or from FBP) - Substrate-level phosphorylation uses enzymes (like kinases) to phosphorylate molecules. The source of phosphate groups can be from ATP or FBP. In cellular respiration, Kinase ...
Bio102 Problems
... 1. Why is it advantageous for chloroplasts to have a very large (in surface area) thylakoid membrane contained within the inner membrane? A. This limits the amount of stroma volume, keeping the concentrations of enzymes and substrates very high. B. This allows faster passive transport of small carbo ...
... 1. Why is it advantageous for chloroplasts to have a very large (in surface area) thylakoid membrane contained within the inner membrane? A. This limits the amount of stroma volume, keeping the concentrations of enzymes and substrates very high. B. This allows faster passive transport of small carbo ...
SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Citric Acid Cycle
... Formation of Oxaloacetate This rxn is the fifth of 5 dehydrogenase reactions. Oxaloacetate has now been regenerated so that it can react with a new molecule of acetyl CoA to repeat the cycle. ...
... Formation of Oxaloacetate This rxn is the fifth of 5 dehydrogenase reactions. Oxaloacetate has now been regenerated so that it can react with a new molecule of acetyl CoA to repeat the cycle. ...
Cellular Respiration
... gradient as there is a much greater concentration of H+ ions in the intermembrane space The only way H+ ions can diffuse into the matrix is through ATP synthase ...
... gradient as there is a much greater concentration of H+ ions in the intermembrane space The only way H+ ions can diffuse into the matrix is through ATP synthase ...
Mitochondrial Functions in Mood Disorders
... tion, neurons die rapidly, whereas astrocytes utilize glycolytically generated ATP. Glucose metabolism in neurons is directed mainly to the pentose phosphate pathway, leading to regeneration of reduced glutathione, which probably supports antioxidant controlled neu‐ ron survival [32]. The regulative ...
... tion, neurons die rapidly, whereas astrocytes utilize glycolytically generated ATP. Glucose metabolism in neurons is directed mainly to the pentose phosphate pathway, leading to regeneration of reduced glutathione, which probably supports antioxidant controlled neu‐ ron survival [32]. The regulative ...
Metabolism Teaching Notes ***Print off slides 7,12,13, 16, 20, 23, 24
... The Calvin Cycle, or dark reactions, fix CO2 into carbohydrates. Plants fix carbon and to make glucose and expire oxygen. Then glucose and oxygen is used to make ATP in cellular respiration, much like gasoline and oxygen is used to create energy in a vehicle. The ATP is used to do work inside the ce ...
... The Calvin Cycle, or dark reactions, fix CO2 into carbohydrates. Plants fix carbon and to make glucose and expire oxygen. Then glucose and oxygen is used to make ATP in cellular respiration, much like gasoline and oxygen is used to create energy in a vehicle. The ATP is used to do work inside the ce ...
Protein import into yeast mitochondria van Wilpe, S.
... mutationss on the import efficiency or stability of Timl 7 itself and its ability to assemble into the Timm complex, by measuring the steady-state level of mutant Tim 17 protein in mitochondria by Westernn analysis and the stability of the Tim complex in blue-native gel electrophoresis. The steady-s ...
... mutationss on the import efficiency or stability of Timl 7 itself and its ability to assemble into the Timm complex, by measuring the steady-state level of mutant Tim 17 protein in mitochondria by Westernn analysis and the stability of the Tim complex in blue-native gel electrophoresis. The steady-s ...
SI Worksheet 7
... a. glucose b. fermentation c. oxygen d. biosynthesis e. the sun 7. Unlike turkey breast, the breast of duck is “dark meat.” Why? a. ducks fly longer distances, so their breast muscles consist of fast fibers b. ducks fly faster then turkeys, so duck breast muscles consist of fast fibers c. c. the fib ...
... a. glucose b. fermentation c. oxygen d. biosynthesis e. the sun 7. Unlike turkey breast, the breast of duck is “dark meat.” Why? a. ducks fly longer distances, so their breast muscles consist of fast fibers b. ducks fly faster then turkeys, so duck breast muscles consist of fast fibers c. c. the fib ...
File - Mr. Shanks` Class
... 1. How many net ATP are produced by Glycolysis alone per glucose? a) 2 b) 4 c) 12 d) 8 2. Which one of the following is the 2nd molecule in the Glycolysis pathway? a) Glucose – 6 – phosphate b) Fructose – 6 phosphate c) Fructose - 1 ,6 biphosphate d) Glucose 3. Which one of the following is a reduce ...
... 1. How many net ATP are produced by Glycolysis alone per glucose? a) 2 b) 4 c) 12 d) 8 2. Which one of the following is the 2nd molecule in the Glycolysis pathway? a) Glucose – 6 – phosphate b) Fructose – 6 phosphate c) Fructose - 1 ,6 biphosphate d) Glucose 3. Which one of the following is a reduce ...
Document
... The NADH and FADH2 formed in glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are energy-rich molecules because each contains a pair of electrons having a high transfer potential. When these electrons are used to reduce molecular oxygen to water, a large amount of free energy is liberated ...
... The NADH and FADH2 formed in glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are energy-rich molecules because each contains a pair of electrons having a high transfer potential. When these electrons are used to reduce molecular oxygen to water, a large amount of free energy is liberated ...
Translocation Arrest by Reversible Folding of a Precursor Protein
... ning the membranes are apparently embedded in a hydrophilic environment suggesting the possibility that protein components might be directly involved in the translocation process (Planner et al., 1987a). To determine the number of translocation contact sites, we made use of the following observation ...
... ning the membranes are apparently embedded in a hydrophilic environment suggesting the possibility that protein components might be directly involved in the translocation process (Planner et al., 1987a). To determine the number of translocation contact sites, we made use of the following observation ...
Chapter 27 Bioenergetics: How the Body Converts Food to Energy
... 27.81 ATP and reducing agents such as NADH and FADH2, generated by the citric acid cycle, are needed for biosynthetic pathways. Also, many of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle are drawn off as part of biosynthetic pathways. 27.82 One fewer ATP is produced for each pair of electrons that ent ...
... 27.81 ATP and reducing agents such as NADH and FADH2, generated by the citric acid cycle, are needed for biosynthetic pathways. Also, many of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle are drawn off as part of biosynthetic pathways. 27.82 One fewer ATP is produced for each pair of electrons that ent ...
Report Organelles in Blastocystis that Blur the
... of the multienzyme PDH complex (Figure 3 and Table S2). Thus, Blastocystis has two ways to decarboxylate pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA: one involves the classic mitochondrial PDH complex and the other involves the anaerobic PFO (Figure 3). Interestingly, although no PFO has been found yet in Nyctother ...
... of the multienzyme PDH complex (Figure 3 and Table S2). Thus, Blastocystis has two ways to decarboxylate pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA: one involves the classic mitochondrial PDH complex and the other involves the anaerobic PFO (Figure 3). Interestingly, although no PFO has been found yet in Nyctother ...
Xe– + Y → X + Ye–
... one molecule of glucose. First, phosphorylation and the redox reactions are not directly coupled to each other, so the ratio of the number of NADH molecules to the number of ATP molecules is not a whole number. Second, the ATP yield varied slightly, depending on the type of shuttle used to transpor ...
... one molecule of glucose. First, phosphorylation and the redox reactions are not directly coupled to each other, so the ratio of the number of NADH molecules to the number of ATP molecules is not a whole number. Second, the ATP yield varied slightly, depending on the type of shuttle used to transpor ...
Lesson Objective: Vocabulary: Lesson Question: Focus Question
... pyruvic acid,, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH (an electron carrier molecule). This is an anaerobic process because it does not require the presence of oxygen. (2) Aerobic respiration (a) If oxygen is present in the cell’s envi environment, ronment, pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is u ...
... pyruvic acid,, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH (an electron carrier molecule). This is an anaerobic process because it does not require the presence of oxygen. (2) Aerobic respiration (a) If oxygen is present in the cell’s envi environment, ronment, pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is u ...
Archaea
... 3. Why do haloarchaea use the methylaspartate rather than the glyoxylate cycle for the incorporation of acetate? Why might the production of glutamate as an intermediate be beneficial for some haloarchaea (Figure 20.5)? 4. Discuss the role of external pH on the magnitude of the proton motive force g ...
... 3. Why do haloarchaea use the methylaspartate rather than the glyoxylate cycle for the incorporation of acetate? Why might the production of glutamate as an intermediate be beneficial for some haloarchaea (Figure 20.5)? 4. Discuss the role of external pH on the magnitude of the proton motive force g ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... The Citric Acid Cycle The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules: amino acids, fatty acids, & carbohydrates. • Most fuel molecules enter the cycle as acetyl coenzyme A • This cycle is the central metabolic hub of the cell • It is the gateway to aerobic ...
... The Citric Acid Cycle The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules: amino acids, fatty acids, & carbohydrates. • Most fuel molecules enter the cycle as acetyl coenzyme A • This cycle is the central metabolic hub of the cell • It is the gateway to aerobic ...
AP Biology Cell Respiration Quiz Study Guide
... 8. Which respiratory process generates the most ATP? 9. Why is ATP such a useful energy storage/transfer molecule? 10. How is the electron transport chain energized? Other practice questions…some of these are relevant for the quiz, but they are more intended to guide your general studying. Choose th ...
... 8. Which respiratory process generates the most ATP? 9. Why is ATP such a useful energy storage/transfer molecule? 10. How is the electron transport chain energized? Other practice questions…some of these are relevant for the quiz, but they are more intended to guide your general studying. Choose th ...
HOW CELLS HARVEST ENERGY
... Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria Uses energy in NADH and FADH2 to make 32 ATP NADH and FADH2 donate e- to ETC As e- is moved thru ETC, the energy in e- is used to actively pump protons across the inner membrane NRG from the e- is now stored in the proton gradient As the protons diff ...
... Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria Uses energy in NADH and FADH2 to make 32 ATP NADH and FADH2 donate e- to ETC As e- is moved thru ETC, the energy in e- is used to actively pump protons across the inner membrane NRG from the e- is now stored in the proton gradient As the protons diff ...
CHAPTER 8 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... d. Efficiency of recycling NAD+, FAD, and ADP eliminates the need to synthesize them anew. F. The Cristae of a Mitochondrion 1. Electron transport system consists of three protein complexes and two protein mobile carriers that transport electrons between complexes. 2. NADH dehydrogenase complex, cyt ...
... d. Efficiency of recycling NAD+, FAD, and ADP eliminates the need to synthesize them anew. F. The Cristae of a Mitochondrion 1. Electron transport system consists of three protein complexes and two protein mobile carriers that transport electrons between complexes. 2. NADH dehydrogenase complex, cyt ...
File
... form NADH & FADH2 (high-energy electron carriers) 1. In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons from reoxidation of NADH & FADH2 flow through a series of membrane proteins (electron transport chain) to generate a proton gradient 1. These protons then flow back through ATP synthase to generate ATP from ...
... form NADH & FADH2 (high-energy electron carriers) 1. In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons from reoxidation of NADH & FADH2 flow through a series of membrane proteins (electron transport chain) to generate a proton gradient 1. These protons then flow back through ATP synthase to generate ATP from ...
Skodova-Euk-Cell-2013
... threonine, which are abundantly present in the tsetse fly (2). This stage has a fully developed mitochondrion containing a full complement of cytochromes and most of the enzymes of the Krebs cycle (2, 3). Unexpectedly, however, the Krebs cycle does not work as a true cycle such as is seen in other e ...
... threonine, which are abundantly present in the tsetse fly (2). This stage has a fully developed mitochondrion containing a full complement of cytochromes and most of the enzymes of the Krebs cycle (2, 3). Unexpectedly, however, the Krebs cycle does not work as a true cycle such as is seen in other e ...
in the presence of oxygen
... • Muscles only contain enough ATP for a few seconds of intense activity ...
... • Muscles only contain enough ATP for a few seconds of intense activity ...
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.