Energy for Cells
... The electron transport chain located in the cristae of mitochondria is a series of carriers that pass electrons from one to the other. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the chain. Consider that the hydrogen atoms attached to NADH and FADH2 consist of an e and an H. The members of the electron tr ...
... The electron transport chain located in the cristae of mitochondria is a series of carriers that pass electrons from one to the other. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the chain. Consider that the hydrogen atoms attached to NADH and FADH2 consist of an e and an H. The members of the electron tr ...
Chapter 8 – an introduction to metabolism
... 8. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis. 11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized ...
... 8. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis. 11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized ...
electron transport chain
... • Ancient prokaryotes are thought to have used glycolysis long before there was oxygen in the atmosphere • Very little O2 was available in the atmosphere until about 2.7 billion years ago, so early prokaryotes likely used only glycolysis to generate ATP • Glycolysis is a very ancient process ...
... • Ancient prokaryotes are thought to have used glycolysis long before there was oxygen in the atmosphere • Very little O2 was available in the atmosphere until about 2.7 billion years ago, so early prokaryotes likely used only glycolysis to generate ATP • Glycolysis is a very ancient process ...
Anaerobic and aerobic pathways for salvage of proximal tubules
... defect of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Developing initially as a potential sensitive megachannel regulated by a mitochondrial matrix cyclophilin, the MPT evolves to become a proteinaceous membrane pore with a size exclusion limit of ⬃1,500 Da, and thereby compromises mitochondrial integrity fol ...
... defect of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Developing initially as a potential sensitive megachannel regulated by a mitochondrial matrix cyclophilin, the MPT evolves to become a proteinaceous membrane pore with a size exclusion limit of ⬃1,500 Da, and thereby compromises mitochondrial integrity fol ...
Chapter 24 Fatty Acids as Energy Source Fatty Acids as Energy
... phytol in ruminant animals and thus appears in dairy products. ...
... phytol in ruminant animals and thus appears in dairy products. ...
8.3 What Happens During Cellular Respiration?
... During the second stage of cellular respiration, highenergy electrons travel through the electron transport chain (continued) – Without oxygen, electrons would be unable to move through the ETC, and H would not be pumped across the inner membrane – The H gradient would dissipate, and ATP synthes ...
... During the second stage of cellular respiration, highenergy electrons travel through the electron transport chain (continued) – Without oxygen, electrons would be unable to move through the ETC, and H would not be pumped across the inner membrane – The H gradient would dissipate, and ATP synthes ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Bryant Miles The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors is called gluconeogenesis. This metabolic pathway is very important because glucose is the primary energy source for the brain. Erythrocytes do not have mitochondria and derive all of their energy by glycolysis converting glucose ...
... Bryant Miles The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors is called gluconeogenesis. This metabolic pathway is very important because glucose is the primary energy source for the brain. Erythrocytes do not have mitochondria and derive all of their energy by glycolysis converting glucose ...
Metabolism
... CHO availability before, during, and after exercise. • Blood glucose may also come from indirect sources (i.e., lactate). • Because skeletal muscle is the largest tissue containing enzymes of glycolysis, much of the glucose-to-lactate conversion is thought to occur in muscle. • Approximately 60% of ...
... CHO availability before, during, and after exercise. • Blood glucose may also come from indirect sources (i.e., lactate). • Because skeletal muscle is the largest tissue containing enzymes of glycolysis, much of the glucose-to-lactate conversion is thought to occur in muscle. • Approximately 60% of ...
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical
... 42) A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, ...
... 42) A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, ...
Diversity and origins of anaerobic metabolism in mitochondria and
... that took up residence within a host cell prior to the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) [1]. However, the precise phylogenetic position of the mitochondrial lineage among a-proteobacteria [2,3], as well as the nature of the host lineage that engulfed it [4], remain active areas of debate and i ...
... that took up residence within a host cell prior to the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) [1]. However, the precise phylogenetic position of the mitochondrial lineage among a-proteobacteria [2,3], as well as the nature of the host lineage that engulfed it [4], remain active areas of debate and i ...
PCTPC201500105RAR1_pap_plantcell 1..17
... exerts its effect on photosynthetic processes is as yet unknown. We previously suggested that at least some of the crosstalk between mitochondria and chloroplasts underlying this response may be mediated via feedback inhibition from intermediates of the photorespiratory pathway (Timm et al., 2012a). ...
... exerts its effect on photosynthetic processes is as yet unknown. We previously suggested that at least some of the crosstalk between mitochondria and chloroplasts underlying this response may be mediated via feedback inhibition from intermediates of the photorespiratory pathway (Timm et al., 2012a). ...
Changes in cardiac metabolism: a critical step from stable angina to
... yield the common products acetyl-CoA and NADH. Flux of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH, and thus high rates of fatty acid oxidation result in elevated NADH : NAD+ and acetyl-CoA : free CoA ratios, which strongly inhibit flux through PDH (Fig. 3)[2,9]. The amount of active ...
... yield the common products acetyl-CoA and NADH. Flux of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH, and thus high rates of fatty acid oxidation result in elevated NADH : NAD+ and acetyl-CoA : free CoA ratios, which strongly inhibit flux through PDH (Fig. 3)[2,9]. The amount of active ...
9강 - KOCW
... Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA • Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle • This step is carried out by a multienzyme ...
... Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA • Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle • This step is carried out by a multienzyme ...
Chapter 6 Slides
... respiration are not the same. – Respiration, in the breathing sense, refers to an exchange of gases. Usually an organism brings in oxygen from the environment and releases waste CO2. – Cellular respiration is the aerobic (oxygen requiring) harvesting of energy from food molecules by cells. ...
... respiration are not the same. – Respiration, in the breathing sense, refers to an exchange of gases. Usually an organism brings in oxygen from the environment and releases waste CO2. – Cellular respiration is the aerobic (oxygen requiring) harvesting of energy from food molecules by cells. ...
Pluripotent stem cell metabolism and mitochondria: beyond ATP
... similarly increased in ESC [88]. Plausibly, limited pyruvate oxidation may function to balance ROS production, enhance glutamine utilisation as an anaplerotic source, and stimulate NAD+ recycling to maintain a high flux through glycolysis for rapid cellular growth and proliferation to support plurip ...
... similarly increased in ESC [88]. Plausibly, limited pyruvate oxidation may function to balance ROS production, enhance glutamine utilisation as an anaplerotic source, and stimulate NAD+ recycling to maintain a high flux through glycolysis for rapid cellular growth and proliferation to support plurip ...
Chap 7 PP
... 4. The single, six-carbon sugar fructose-1,6-diphosphate now becomes two molecules of a 3-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, each with a phosphate group attached. From here on out, glycolysis happens in duplicate: What happens to one of the glyceraldehyde molecules happens to the other. 5. An ...
... 4. The single, six-carbon sugar fructose-1,6-diphosphate now becomes two molecules of a 3-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, each with a phosphate group attached. From here on out, glycolysis happens in duplicate: What happens to one of the glyceraldehyde molecules happens to the other. 5. An ...
Chapter 6
... respiration are not the same. – Respiration, in the breathing sense, refers to an exchange of gases. Usually an organism brings in oxygen from the environment and releases waste CO2. – Cellular respiration is the aerobic (oxygen requiring) harvesting of energy from food molecules by cells. ...
... respiration are not the same. – Respiration, in the breathing sense, refers to an exchange of gases. Usually an organism brings in oxygen from the environment and releases waste CO2. – Cellular respiration is the aerobic (oxygen requiring) harvesting of energy from food molecules by cells. ...
Molecular Characterisation of the 76 kDa Iron
... With derived degenerated primers, an RT-PCR product was obtained and used as probe to screen a potato cDNA library. Eight similar cDNA clones were isolated and partially sequenced. The largest was sequenced in its full length. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA matches the peptide sequenc ...
... With derived degenerated primers, an RT-PCR product was obtained and used as probe to screen a potato cDNA library. Eight similar cDNA clones were isolated and partially sequenced. The largest was sequenced in its full length. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA matches the peptide sequenc ...
Document
... (NH4+) to nitrite (NO2-). – Others “denitrify” nitrite or nitrate (NO3-) to N2, returning N2 gas to the atmosphere. – A diverse group of prokaryotes, including cyanobacteria, ...
... (NH4+) to nitrite (NO2-). – Others “denitrify” nitrite or nitrate (NO3-) to N2, returning N2 gas to the atmosphere. – A diverse group of prokaryotes, including cyanobacteria, ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: AEROBIC HARVESTING OF ENERGY
... – the cells are packed full of mitochondria, – the inner mitochondrial membrane contains an uncoupling protein, which allows H+ to flow back down its concentration gradient without generating ATP, and – ongoing oxidation of stored fats generates additional ...
... – the cells are packed full of mitochondria, – the inner mitochondrial membrane contains an uncoupling protein, which allows H+ to flow back down its concentration gradient without generating ATP, and – ongoing oxidation of stored fats generates additional ...
Lec 12: Fatty acid biosynthesis
... Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase Carboxylation of acetyl‐CoA by Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is the committed step for fatty acid biosynthesis. This is often believed to be the limiting step of fatty acid biosynthesis ACCase is a multifunctional enzyme with 3 enzymatic activities: • Bacterial ACCase is ...
... Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase Carboxylation of acetyl‐CoA by Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is the committed step for fatty acid biosynthesis. This is often believed to be the limiting step of fatty acid biosynthesis ACCase is a multifunctional enzyme with 3 enzymatic activities: • Bacterial ACCase is ...
video slide
... • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy (potential energy) extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation (powered ...
... • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy (potential energy) extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation (powered ...
2 H
... • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy (potential energy) extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation (powered ...
... • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy (potential energy) extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation (powered ...
Rooting the Eukaryotic Tree with Mitochondrial and Bacterial
... the mitochondrial genome and the capacity to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Nevertheless, most of these amitochondriate species retain numerous mitochondrial proteins in their nuclear genomes, enough to allow their inclusion in mitochondrial protein–based phylogenies—as we will demo ...
... the mitochondrial genome and the capacity to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Nevertheless, most of these amitochondriate species retain numerous mitochondrial proteins in their nuclear genomes, enough to allow their inclusion in mitochondrial protein–based phylogenies—as we will demo ...
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.