Liver glucose metabolism in humans
... During the post-prandial period, most glucose 6-phosphate is used to synthesize glycogen via the formation of glucose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose. Minor amounts of UDP-glucose are used to form UDP-glucuronate and UDP-galactose, which are donors of monosaccharide units used in glycosylation. A second ...
... During the post-prandial period, most glucose 6-phosphate is used to synthesize glycogen via the formation of glucose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose. Minor amounts of UDP-glucose are used to form UDP-glucuronate and UDP-galactose, which are donors of monosaccharide units used in glycosylation. A second ...
Optimization of ERK Activity Biosensors for both Ratiometric and
... aminoacids. When the MAPK/ERK pathway cascade is recruited by an external signal, activated MEK binds to endogenous ERK as well as the ERK enclosed within the sensor in order to achieve phosphorylation. This binding lead to a modification of ERK conformation within Miu2, bringing closer the two fluo ...
... aminoacids. When the MAPK/ERK pathway cascade is recruited by an external signal, activated MEK binds to endogenous ERK as well as the ERK enclosed within the sensor in order to achieve phosphorylation. This binding lead to a modification of ERK conformation within Miu2, bringing closer the two fluo ...
General principles of cellular communication
... addition to genes that lead to the development of biofilms (Figure 4). A biofilm is a bacterial niche that arises from the aggregation of bacteria within a polysaccharide matrix that they secrete. The bacteria within a biofilm are ~1000-fold less sensitive to antibiotics than their planktonic counte ...
... addition to genes that lead to the development of biofilms (Figure 4). A biofilm is a bacterial niche that arises from the aggregation of bacteria within a polysaccharide matrix that they secrete. The bacteria within a biofilm are ~1000-fold less sensitive to antibiotics than their planktonic counte ...
Mast cell activation is differentially affected by heat shock
... arachidonic acid metabolites. In a previous study, we have demonstrated that heat shock activates heat shock transcription factor-1 (HSF-1), induces heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and suppresses cytokine production in bone marrow–derived mast cells (BMMC). In this study, we further investigated the ...
... arachidonic acid metabolites. In a previous study, we have demonstrated that heat shock activates heat shock transcription factor-1 (HSF-1), induces heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and suppresses cytokine production in bone marrow–derived mast cells (BMMC). In this study, we further investigated the ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... other cellular work. Catabolism is linked to work by a chemical drive shaft—ATP, which you learned about in Chapter 8. To keep working, the cell must regenerate its supply of ATP from ADP and P i (see Figure 8.11). To understand how cellular respiration accomplishes this, let’s examine the fundament ...
... other cellular work. Catabolism is linked to work by a chemical drive shaft—ATP, which you learned about in Chapter 8. To keep working, the cell must regenerate its supply of ATP from ADP and P i (see Figure 8.11). To understand how cellular respiration accomplishes this, let’s examine the fundament ...
The Cutting Edge of Affinity Electrophoresis Technology
... One advantage of CAE is that affinity probes can be prepared for various molecules ranging from macromolecules (such as antibodies) to low-molecular-weight compounds. Another advantage is that CAE separations can be completed with short migration times, permitting the detection of short-lived comple ...
... One advantage of CAE is that affinity probes can be prepared for various molecules ranging from macromolecules (such as antibodies) to low-molecular-weight compounds. Another advantage is that CAE separations can be completed with short migration times, permitting the detection of short-lived comple ...
An ADP/ATP-Specific Mitochondrial Carrier Protein
... however, the mitochondrion has become severely reduced that it lacks a genome and no longer synthesizes ATP. One example of such a reduced organelle, called the mitosome, is found in microsporidian parasites. Only a handful of potential mitosomal proteins were found to be encoded in the complete gen ...
... however, the mitochondrion has become severely reduced that it lacks a genome and no longer synthesizes ATP. One example of such a reduced organelle, called the mitosome, is found in microsporidian parasites. Only a handful of potential mitosomal proteins were found to be encoded in the complete gen ...
Review sheet – Chapter 3 Understand that organic compounds are
... Be able to recognize estrogen, cortisol, progesterone and cholesterol as steroids Understand that proteins are built up from 20 different amino acids Know that amino acids are molecules that have a carboxyl and amino group Be able to identify an example of a protein or a substance made up of protein ...
... Be able to recognize estrogen, cortisol, progesterone and cholesterol as steroids Understand that proteins are built up from 20 different amino acids Know that amino acids are molecules that have a carboxyl and amino group Be able to identify an example of a protein or a substance made up of protein ...
Template for Electronic Submission to ACS Journals - Lirias
... validation of the data. These challenges are apparent when considering the reliance on large datasets, extensive hands-off data processing, and/or strongly increased instrumental complexity. However, since different techniques will in general not be susceptible to the same artifacts, their combinat ...
... validation of the data. These challenges are apparent when considering the reliance on large datasets, extensive hands-off data processing, and/or strongly increased instrumental complexity. However, since different techniques will in general not be susceptible to the same artifacts, their combinat ...
Acetylcholine Receptor-associated 43K Protein Contains Covalently
... (NH2-terminal glycine; small, uncharged residues in positions 2 and 5) demonstrated by Towler et al. (63-65) to constitute a consensus sequence for amino terminal addition of the saturated 14-carbon fatty acid, myristate. Myristoylation, unlike palmitylation, is a relatively rare modification that h ...
... (NH2-terminal glycine; small, uncharged residues in positions 2 and 5) demonstrated by Towler et al. (63-65) to constitute a consensus sequence for amino terminal addition of the saturated 14-carbon fatty acid, myristate. Myristoylation, unlike palmitylation, is a relatively rare modification that h ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... will help to compare the redox chemistry of cellular respiration to a much Figure 9.5 An introduction to electron transport chains. (a) The one-step exergonic reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water releases a large amount of energy in the form of simpler reaction: the reaction between heat ...
... will help to compare the redox chemistry of cellular respiration to a much Figure 9.5 An introduction to electron transport chains. (a) The one-step exergonic reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water releases a large amount of energy in the form of simpler reaction: the reaction between heat ...
Glucose metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi
... T. cruzi, having mutated to an l‑α‑aromatic hydroxyacid dehydrogenase that is unable to reduce oxaloacetate [13]. The enzymes converting glucose into 3‑phosphoglycerate are present inside the glycosome in T. cruzi, whereas the other enzymes of the pathway are cytosolic (Figure 1). The first reaction ...
... T. cruzi, having mutated to an l‑α‑aromatic hydroxyacid dehydrogenase that is unable to reduce oxaloacetate [13]. The enzymes converting glucose into 3‑phosphoglycerate are present inside the glycosome in T. cruzi, whereas the other enzymes of the pathway are cytosolic (Figure 1). The first reaction ...
Biochemistry 499
... enzymes involved in reversible phosphorylation, especially the protein phosphatases. There are relatively few Ser/Thr phosphatases in the cell and one catalytic subunit must counterbalance the activity of many different protein kinases. Thus protein phosphatases are subjected to spatial and temporal ...
... enzymes involved in reversible phosphorylation, especially the protein phosphatases. There are relatively few Ser/Thr phosphatases in the cell and one catalytic subunit must counterbalance the activity of many different protein kinases. Thus protein phosphatases are subjected to spatial and temporal ...
E. coli
... Uridylyltransferase/uridylyl-removing enzyme measures glutamine and controls the activity of PII glutamine ...
... Uridylyltransferase/uridylyl-removing enzyme measures glutamine and controls the activity of PII glutamine ...
Chapter 9
... • Catabolic pathways yield energy – Due to the transfer of electrons from high potential energy (i.e. in animal cell from ...
... • Catabolic pathways yield energy – Due to the transfer of electrons from high potential energy (i.e. in animal cell from ...
Life Inside a Microtubule
... a direct relationship between a given kinase and actin phosphorylation1. For example, Ser and Tyr residues on actin are phosphorylated in response to insulin via unknown kinases, leading to reduced DNAse I binding1 (Fig. 1). Likewise, activation of the p21-activated kinase PAK1 leads to actin phosph ...
... a direct relationship between a given kinase and actin phosphorylation1. For example, Ser and Tyr residues on actin are phosphorylated in response to insulin via unknown kinases, leading to reduced DNAse I binding1 (Fig. 1). Likewise, activation of the p21-activated kinase PAK1 leads to actin phosph ...
Molecular Machinery Regulating Exocytosis
... independently bind to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2), via their Cterminal D domain, thereby forming a plasma membrane targeting patch for exocytic proteins (He, et al., 2007; He & Guo, 2009; Inoue, et al., 2003; J. Liu, et al., 2007). Moreover, Exo70 was found to be directly assoc ...
... independently bind to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2), via their Cterminal D domain, thereby forming a plasma membrane targeting patch for exocytic proteins (He, et al., 2007; He & Guo, 2009; Inoue, et al., 2003; J. Liu, et al., 2007). Moreover, Exo70 was found to be directly assoc ...
Glucose Regulation in Diabetes
... to produce insulin is greatly inhibited. Diagnosis usually occurs in early childhood and is treated with insulin injections. Type II Diabetes (insulin-independent diabetes) is caused by a deficiency of insulin or, more commonly, a reduced responsiveness of insulin target cells due to some change in ...
... to produce insulin is greatly inhibited. Diagnosis usually occurs in early childhood and is treated with insulin injections. Type II Diabetes (insulin-independent diabetes) is caused by a deficiency of insulin or, more commonly, a reduced responsiveness of insulin target cells due to some change in ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... In glycolysis, a chain of ten reactions, under the control of different enzymes, takes place to produce pyruvate from glucose. Utilisation of ATP During Glycolysis: 1. During the conversion of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate 2. During the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphos ...
... In glycolysis, a chain of ten reactions, under the control of different enzymes, takes place to produce pyruvate from glucose. Utilisation of ATP During Glycolysis: 1. During the conversion of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate 2. During the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphos ...
Modification-specific proteomics: Strategies for characterization of
... The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark ...
... The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark ...
Nitric Oxide Signalling in Plants: Cross
... these residues appear to be in a reduced state (Aracena-Parks et al., 2006). Remarkably, submicromolar NO concentrations were shown to activate RYR1 by S-nitrosylation of a single cysteine (Cys 3635), this reaction occurring only at low (e.g. physiological) pO2 but not ambient pO2 (Sun et al., 2003) ...
... these residues appear to be in a reduced state (Aracena-Parks et al., 2006). Remarkably, submicromolar NO concentrations were shown to activate RYR1 by S-nitrosylation of a single cysteine (Cys 3635), this reaction occurring only at low (e.g. physiological) pO2 but not ambient pO2 (Sun et al., 2003) ...
Cellular Respiration
... The main energy-yielding foods, carbohydrates and fats, are reservoirs of electrons associated with hydrogen. These molecules are stable because of the barrier of activation energy. Without this barrier, a food molecule like glucose would combine almost instantaneously with O2. o If activation energ ...
... The main energy-yielding foods, carbohydrates and fats, are reservoirs of electrons associated with hydrogen. These molecules are stable because of the barrier of activation energy. Without this barrier, a food molecule like glucose would combine almost instantaneously with O2. o If activation energ ...
Src protein–tyrosine kinase structure and regulation
... secretory vesicles, and the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane where it can interact with a variety of ...
... secretory vesicles, and the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane where it can interact with a variety of ...
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO43−) group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation and its counterpart, dephosphorylation, turn many protein enzymes on and off, thereby altering their function and activity. Protein phosphorylation is one type of post-translational modification.Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes. Its prominent role in biochemistry is the subject of a very large body of research (as of March 2015, the Medline database returns over 240,000 articles on the subject, largely on protein phosphorylation).