Chapter 5. CO2 as a Climate Regulator during the Phanerozoic and
... straightforward. It is calculated within large-scale computer models of Earth’s atmosphere, called general circulation models or GCMs. In general, GCM calculations indicate that the direct effect of doubling CO2, and thereby increasing the radiative forcing 3.7 W/m2 (see question 7 above), is an inc ...
... straightforward. It is calculated within large-scale computer models of Earth’s atmosphere, called general circulation models or GCMs. In general, GCM calculations indicate that the direct effect of doubling CO2, and thereby increasing the radiative forcing 3.7 W/m2 (see question 7 above), is an inc ...
Data Assimilation Cycle - Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical
... “…models still show significant errors. Although these are generally greater at smaller scales, important large-scale problems also remain. ……The ultimate source of most such errors is that many important small-scale processes cannot be represented explicitly in models, and so must be included in ap ...
... “…models still show significant errors. Although these are generally greater at smaller scales, important large-scale problems also remain. ……The ultimate source of most such errors is that many important small-scale processes cannot be represented explicitly in models, and so must be included in ap ...
Communicating Climate Change through ICT
... Academic Search Premier databases. The search words used for identifying relevant articles were: climate change, global warming, communication, public, public understanding and public engagement (for further details, see [5]). 2.1. Content of Climate Change Communication Fear-inducing messages have ...
... Academic Search Premier databases. The search words used for identifying relevant articles were: climate change, global warming, communication, public, public understanding and public engagement (for further details, see [5]). 2.1. Content of Climate Change Communication Fear-inducing messages have ...
Links between the Built Environment, Climate and Population Health
... events expressed differentially across the planet.4 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report projects that the globally averaged surface temperatures will increase by 1.8°C to 4.0°C (3.2°F to 7.2°F) by 2100. A warming climate over the next 50 years will confront ...
... events expressed differentially across the planet.4 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report projects that the globally averaged surface temperatures will increase by 1.8°C to 4.0°C (3.2°F to 7.2°F) by 2100. A warming climate over the next 50 years will confront ...
China, the United States and the European Union: Multiple
... climate change diplomacy may be emerging among three actors that are in many respects the most powerful and influential: China, the United States and the European Union. The rise of China is affecting many areas of global governance, but nowhere is it more evident than in the case of climate change, ...
... climate change diplomacy may be emerging among three actors that are in many respects the most powerful and influential: China, the United States and the European Union. The rise of China is affecting many areas of global governance, but nowhere is it more evident than in the case of climate change, ...
PDF
... “too indirect, remote, and uncertain” causation cannot be established and therefore “falls outside the scope of the reparative obligation”.4 In other words, since specific impacts of climate change cannot (yet) be attributed to specific emissions of greenhouse gases by polluters, there is no basis f ...
... “too indirect, remote, and uncertain” causation cannot be established and therefore “falls outside the scope of the reparative obligation”.4 In other words, since specific impacts of climate change cannot (yet) be attributed to specific emissions of greenhouse gases by polluters, there is no basis f ...
MeetingReport-CC_and_Displacement
... b) Be Wary of the Dangers of Poor Resettlement - In addition, there had been considerable experience with resettlement around the world which provided valuable lessons-learned, such as the need for sustainable resettlement and the need to reconstitute a society, not just to build new houses), which ...
... b) Be Wary of the Dangers of Poor Resettlement - In addition, there had been considerable experience with resettlement around the world which provided valuable lessons-learned, such as the need for sustainable resettlement and the need to reconstitute a society, not just to build new houses), which ...
Climate Change Effects on North American Inland Fish Populations
... Earth’s climate system is changing with widespread impacts on inland aquatic systems. Climate change effects with the greatest significance for North American aquatic ecosystems include warming of the atmosphere and oceans, reduced snow and ice, and rising sea levels (IPCC 2014). Dramatic changes in ...
... Earth’s climate system is changing with widespread impacts on inland aquatic systems. Climate change effects with the greatest significance for North American aquatic ecosystems include warming of the atmosphere and oceans, reduced snow and ice, and rising sea levels (IPCC 2014). Dramatic changes in ...
3.1.4 Groundwater and climate change
... this decrease is somehow stronger under the HadCM3 model. Both models predict no changes for Asia, except for India. ECHAM4/OPYC3 calculates a decrease, while HadCM3 estimates an increase in winter precipitation. Both models calculate a decrease in winter precipitation for Indonesia and Australia, b ...
... this decrease is somehow stronger under the HadCM3 model. Both models predict no changes for Asia, except for India. ECHAM4/OPYC3 calculates a decrease, while HadCM3 estimates an increase in winter precipitation. Both models calculate a decrease in winter precipitation for Indonesia and Australia, b ...
COLA activities - Weather and Climate Data
... – Unique data set and analysis opportunities • Small fraction at COLA • Full catalog in archive at NICS • Data to become available to the community ...
... – Unique data set and analysis opportunities • Small fraction at COLA • Full catalog in archive at NICS • Data to become available to the community ...
February 2010 Minutes - Rubbertown Community Advisory Council
... drainage ditches that caused flooding during heavy rain. Clay said he and others from MSD visited the site and met with Earl. He said there are drainage ditches along Campground Road, Bramers Lane, Lees Lane, and Ladd Avenue that are in question. MSD has a DRI (Drainage Response Initiative) budget t ...
... drainage ditches that caused flooding during heavy rain. Clay said he and others from MSD visited the site and met with Earl. He said there are drainage ditches along Campground Road, Bramers Lane, Lees Lane, and Ladd Avenue that are in question. MSD has a DRI (Drainage Response Initiative) budget t ...
The basic economics of low-carbon growth in the UK (434 kB) (opens in new window)
... also be, with good policy, intensely creative and full of opportunity. This policy must be founded on sound economics, which embodies robust and dynamic analysis of the costs, benefits and risks associated with both low-carbon growth and the alternatives. This paper sets out some of the essential ec ...
... also be, with good policy, intensely creative and full of opportunity. This policy must be founded on sound economics, which embodies robust and dynamic analysis of the costs, benefits and risks associated with both low-carbon growth and the alternatives. This paper sets out some of the essential ec ...
IFC`s Definitions and Metrics for Climate
... i. Industrial energy efficiency improvements in existing facilities through the installation of more-efficient17 equipment, changes in processes, reduction of heat losses, and greater waste heat recovery18 ii. Installation in existing facilities of co- or tri-generation equipment iii. Implementation ...
... i. Industrial energy efficiency improvements in existing facilities through the installation of more-efficient17 equipment, changes in processes, reduction of heat losses, and greater waste heat recovery18 ii. Installation in existing facilities of co- or tri-generation equipment iii. Implementation ...
1 - EconStor
... Summarising the literature, some studies employ international data but most use data from a single country. 7 Particularly in cross-country studies data are frequently aggregated over large, climatically diverse regions. Most studies include temperature and precipitation but far fewer include other ...
... Summarising the literature, some studies employ international data but most use data from a single country. 7 Particularly in cross-country studies data are frequently aggregated over large, climatically diverse regions. Most studies include temperature and precipitation but far fewer include other ...
HKMetS Bulletin, Volume 2, Number 1, 1992
... perhaps the phenomena known as El Nino, which in 1982 and 1983 brought disastrous weather to many parts of the world (Rasmusson and Hall, 1983). The possible relationship between the El Chichon eruption of 1982 and this El Nino event has been discussed by Handler (1986). Recently, there has been a g ...
... perhaps the phenomena known as El Nino, which in 1982 and 1983 brought disastrous weather to many parts of the world (Rasmusson and Hall, 1983). The possible relationship between the El Chichon eruption of 1982 and this El Nino event has been discussed by Handler (1986). Recently, there has been a g ...
Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the
... the principal climate models used in the National Assessment suggest warming in the Southeast by the 2090s,but at different rates. • The Canadian model scenario shows the Southeast experiencing a high degree of warming,which translates into lower soil moisture as higher temperatures increase evapora ...
... the principal climate models used in the National Assessment suggest warming in the Southeast by the 2090s,but at different rates. • The Canadian model scenario shows the Southeast experiencing a high degree of warming,which translates into lower soil moisture as higher temperatures increase evapora ...
The International Climate Change Negotiations
... gas emissions, while the United States, Japan and the Soviet Union voiced skepticism. In Noordwijk, European states were successful in including an emissions stabilization target, but American, Japanese and Soviet opposition prevented the inclusion of any timetable for achieving that target. Instead ...
... gas emissions, while the United States, Japan and the Soviet Union voiced skepticism. In Noordwijk, European states were successful in including an emissions stabilization target, but American, Japanese and Soviet opposition prevented the inclusion of any timetable for achieving that target. Instead ...
CALIFORNIA HEAT WAVES
... to present day thresholds, would increase 4-8 fold in their daytime and 5-10 fold in their nighttime temperature expressions by end of century (Figure 2), depending on how much greenhouse gas is emitted into the atmosphere. Heat waves will not only occur more frequently, but they will be more intens ...
... to present day thresholds, would increase 4-8 fold in their daytime and 5-10 fold in their nighttime temperature expressions by end of century (Figure 2), depending on how much greenhouse gas is emitted into the atmosphere. Heat waves will not only occur more frequently, but they will be more intens ...
Who should pay for climate? The effect of burden-sharing mechanisms on abatement policies and technological transfers: Working Paper 96 (997 kB) (opens in new window)
... must be sought among states who differ in their stage of development, prospective costs of unmitigated climate change, costs of mitigation and adaptation, and, most importantly, in terms of their perceived historical responsibility and ability to pay. Indeed, the clear distinction between developed ...
... must be sought among states who differ in their stage of development, prospective costs of unmitigated climate change, costs of mitigation and adaptation, and, most importantly, in terms of their perceived historical responsibility and ability to pay. Indeed, the clear distinction between developed ...
Building Community Based Institutions in Western Orissa Rural
... stakeholders to deal with climate stresses and encourage building on each others’ strengths. Policy issues which all have a direct bearing on reducing climate stress. Approaches proven helpful in reducing climate stress can be identified and scaled up. ...
... stakeholders to deal with climate stresses and encourage building on each others’ strengths. Policy issues which all have a direct bearing on reducing climate stress. Approaches proven helpful in reducing climate stress can be identified and scaled up. ...
Gulf Coast Wetland Sustainability in a Changing Climate
... Foreword Eileen Claussen, President, Pew Center on Global Climate Change In 2007, the science of climate change achieved an unfortunate milestone: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reached a consensus position that human-induced global warming is already causing physical and biological ...
... Foreword Eileen Claussen, President, Pew Center on Global Climate Change In 2007, the science of climate change achieved an unfortunate milestone: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reached a consensus position that human-induced global warming is already causing physical and biological ...
Planning for Change: Climate Adaptation Survey Results
... phase, in which communities put the strategies they have selected into practice and begun monitoring their performance. The strategies these three respondents have begun implementing included enhancing gravel berms landward of beaches, evaluating adaptive measures for new infrastructure, raising req ...
... phase, in which communities put the strategies they have selected into practice and begun monitoring their performance. The strategies these three respondents have begun implementing included enhancing gravel berms landward of beaches, evaluating adaptive measures for new infrastructure, raising req ...
6. Whatever the weather. Media attitudes to reporting
... causes of climate change. As well as greenhouse gas emissions from industry and vehicles, other causes or effects cited included deforestation, ozone depletion, chemical pollution, acid rain and even the Asian tsunami. Greed, over-consumption and infrastructure development were given as other factor ...
... causes of climate change. As well as greenhouse gas emissions from industry and vehicles, other causes or effects cited included deforestation, ozone depletion, chemical pollution, acid rain and even the Asian tsunami. Greed, over-consumption and infrastructure development were given as other factor ...
Extension Agents` Awareness of Climate Change in
... Although numerous controversies surround the issue of climate change, it can generally be defined as ‘a change in the climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activities that alter the composition of the global atmosphere in addition to natural variability observed over comparable ...
... Although numerous controversies surround the issue of climate change, it can generally be defined as ‘a change in the climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activities that alter the composition of the global atmosphere in addition to natural variability observed over comparable ...
How Does a Regional Climate Model Modify the Projected Climate
... The historical experiment of MPI-ESM started in 1850 from a pre-industrial control simulation with a total length of 1,000 years with prescribed constant natural climate forcing. Starting from three different years of the pre-industrial control run, three realizations were integrated from 1850–2005 ...
... The historical experiment of MPI-ESM started in 1850 from a pre-industrial control simulation with a total length of 1,000 years with prescribed constant natural climate forcing. Starting from three different years of the pre-industrial control run, three realizations were integrated from 1850–2005 ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).