After Paris: Fiscal, Macroeconomic, and Financial Implications of Climate Change
... fossil fuel CO2 emissions (half of which enter the atmosphere where they remain, on average, for about 100 years), the annual flow of which increased from 2 billion (metric) tons in 1900 to 32 billion in 2013. Without mitigation, emissions are projected to approximately triple from current levels by ...
... fossil fuel CO2 emissions (half of which enter the atmosphere where they remain, on average, for about 100 years), the annual flow of which increased from 2 billion (metric) tons in 1900 to 32 billion in 2013. Without mitigation, emissions are projected to approximately triple from current levels by ...
Global Increasing Trends in Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation
... precipitation in more land locations globally than locations with decreases. Despite this, there is less confidence in the rate of change and, in particular, how precipitation might scale with atmospheric temperature as the atmosphere warms. Trenberth et al. (2003) provided a physical explanation fo ...
... precipitation in more land locations globally than locations with decreases. Despite this, there is less confidence in the rate of change and, in particular, how precipitation might scale with atmospheric temperature as the atmosphere warms. Trenberth et al. (2003) provided a physical explanation fo ...
Climate-induced migration and displacement: closing the policy gap
... migrants are those who need to leave their homes to avoid severe deterioration in habitat and resources, such as sea level rise. The urgency for flight is less than that of disasterinduced displacement, and the pace of movement is slower. These people may be unable to return due to the physical loss ...
... migrants are those who need to leave their homes to avoid severe deterioration in habitat and resources, such as sea level rise. The urgency for flight is less than that of disasterinduced displacement, and the pace of movement is slower. These people may be unable to return due to the physical loss ...
Scientific Uncertainty and the Political Process
... why science is often so ineffective in providing solutions to problems with important scientific dimensions focuses on the role of uncertainty. In this view, problems such as climate change are characterizedby high levels of scientific uncertainty about the likelihood and effects of key events, and ...
... why science is often so ineffective in providing solutions to problems with important scientific dimensions focuses on the role of uncertainty. In this view, problems such as climate change are characterizedby high levels of scientific uncertainty about the likelihood and effects of key events, and ...
The biophysical link between climate, water, and vegetation in
... biophysical water and climate impacts of bioenergy expansion and the biophysical interactions with biogeochemical impacts have received far less attention, and large uncertainties on the magnitude of biophysical impacts remain. The regulation of climate and water are important ecosystem services tha ...
... biophysical water and climate impacts of bioenergy expansion and the biophysical interactions with biogeochemical impacts have received far less attention, and large uncertainties on the magnitude of biophysical impacts remain. The regulation of climate and water are important ecosystem services tha ...
The impacts of climate change at Mount Rainier
... widespread mortality amongst whitebark pines. Although the mountain pine beetle is native to the Park, the high elevation habitats of whitebark pine have historically been too cold for beetle populations to reach epidemic proportions in most years. Rising temperatures would lead to whitebark pine st ...
... widespread mortality amongst whitebark pines. Although the mountain pine beetle is native to the Park, the high elevation habitats of whitebark pine have historically been too cold for beetle populations to reach epidemic proportions in most years. Rising temperatures would lead to whitebark pine st ...
Shiri Avnery
... land, which is affected by the interception of water by vegetation, the throughfall and stemflow of water, soil infiltration rates and soil water quantities, surface runoff (including rivers and streams), and the presence of snow cover (Fig. 1c). Finally, the CLM models multiple aspects of vegetatio ...
... land, which is affected by the interception of water by vegetation, the throughfall and stemflow of water, soil infiltration rates and soil water quantities, surface runoff (including rivers and streams), and the presence of snow cover (Fig. 1c). Finally, the CLM models multiple aspects of vegetatio ...
more
... Climate change impacts on the sustainability of the firewood harvest and vegetation and soil carbon stocks in a tropical dry forest in Santa Teresinha Municipality, Northeast Brazil ....................................................... 10 Valuing climate change impacts on European forest ecosyste ...
... Climate change impacts on the sustainability of the firewood harvest and vegetation and soil carbon stocks in a tropical dry forest in Santa Teresinha Municipality, Northeast Brazil ....................................................... 10 Valuing climate change impacts on European forest ecosyste ...
Workshop report ”Adaptation options in the Barents – Writers
... literature, and numerous frameworks seek to adopt a ”multiple stressor” perspective. In recent years, adaptation research in the Barents region has focused on the interactions between and cumulative effects of ...
... literature, and numerous frameworks seek to adopt a ”multiple stressor” perspective. In recent years, adaptation research in the Barents region has focused on the interactions between and cumulative effects of ...
Contribution of oceanic and vegetation feedbacks to Holocene
... likely penetrated further inland, implying a wetter climate (e.g. Winkler and Wang, 1993; Kohfeld and Harrison, 2000; Ge et al. 2007; Maher, 2008) and a change in the vegetation distribution (e.g. Jolly et al., 1998; Yu et al., 2000). Early modelling studies related this enhancement of the monsoons ...
... likely penetrated further inland, implying a wetter climate (e.g. Winkler and Wang, 1993; Kohfeld and Harrison, 2000; Ge et al. 2007; Maher, 2008) and a change in the vegetation distribution (e.g. Jolly et al., 1998; Yu et al., 2000). Early modelling studies related this enhancement of the monsoons ...
PDF
... believe normal weather cycles explain most or all recent changes in climate’’; 3) ‘‘I believe human activities are causing changes in the earth’s climate’’; and 4) ‘‘The El Niño/La Niña cycle of weather patterns is real and affects agricultural production in the area where I farm.’’ We refer to th ...
... believe normal weather cycles explain most or all recent changes in climate’’; 3) ‘‘I believe human activities are causing changes in the earth’s climate’’; and 4) ‘‘The El Niño/La Niña cycle of weather patterns is real and affects agricultural production in the area where I farm.’’ We refer to th ...
Predicting and verifying the intended and unintended consequences
... depletion and the regeneration of nutrients and CO2 in subsurface waters, which could lead generally to increased production and efflux of greenhouse gases such as N2O and methane (with 300× and 23× the global warming potential of CO2, respectively, calculated by molecular weight). (3) Fertilization ...
... depletion and the regeneration of nutrients and CO2 in subsurface waters, which could lead generally to increased production and efflux of greenhouse gases such as N2O and methane (with 300× and 23× the global warming potential of CO2, respectively, calculated by molecular weight). (3) Fertilization ...
approaching business and the environment with complexity theory
... consumption and investment. The climate, by contrast, is primarily a physical and biological system driven by the dynamics of solar radiation, the carbon cycle, ice cover and ocean currents. These systems operate on vastly different timescales, with recessions occurring every decade or so, while ice ...
... consumption and investment. The climate, by contrast, is primarily a physical and biological system driven by the dynamics of solar radiation, the carbon cycle, ice cover and ocean currents. These systems operate on vastly different timescales, with recessions occurring every decade or so, while ice ...
Climate Change Trends and Action Report
... areas of the U.S. in recent decades. The new data indicates that for rainfall events having low probability of occurrence (1-2% chance of occurring in a given year) the amount of predicted rainfall in a 24-hour period has increased by approximately 25%. This rainfall increase could generate approxim ...
... areas of the U.S. in recent decades. The new data indicates that for rainfall events having low probability of occurrence (1-2% chance of occurring in a given year) the amount of predicted rainfall in a 24-hour period has increased by approximately 25%. This rainfall increase could generate approxim ...
Why EPA Climate Protection is Good for Labor—And How Jobs Producer
... fires, and superstorms, the public is demanding regulation of the greenhouse gasses that cause climate change. The corporations that profit from coal, oil, and gas fear such regulation will reduce their profits and the value of their investments. They and their political mouthpieces have a solution, ...
... fires, and superstorms, the public is demanding regulation of the greenhouse gasses that cause climate change. The corporations that profit from coal, oil, and gas fear such regulation will reduce their profits and the value of their investments. They and their political mouthpieces have a solution, ...
adapt to climate change
... solution to climate change, adaptation measures are needed to help waterbirds cope with the climate change that will inevitably occur. There are several approaches to helping waterbirds adapt to climate change. Site and species-based approaches should consider that the resources available for helpin ...
... solution to climate change, adaptation measures are needed to help waterbirds cope with the climate change that will inevitably occur. There are several approaches to helping waterbirds adapt to climate change. Site and species-based approaches should consider that the resources available for helpin ...
KURUKULASURIYA MENDELSOHN 2006 Crop Selection Adapting to Climate Change in Afrika
... multinomial logit model, the paper regresses crop choice on climate, soils, and other factors. The model is estimated using a sample of over 7000 farmers across 11 countries in Africa. The study finds that crop choice is very climate sensitive. For example, farmers select sorghum and maize-millet in ...
... multinomial logit model, the paper regresses crop choice on climate, soils, and other factors. The model is estimated using a sample of over 7000 farmers across 11 countries in Africa. The study finds that crop choice is very climate sensitive. For example, farmers select sorghum and maize-millet in ...
i. executive summary
... UNDP contributed to enhancing Thailand's capacity for harmonized development cooperation with south-south cooperation at two levels, i.e., at the upstream policy level and the implementation of sectoral assistance. The results, however, are more distinguished at the level of sectoral cooperation tha ...
... UNDP contributed to enhancing Thailand's capacity for harmonized development cooperation with south-south cooperation at two levels, i.e., at the upstream policy level and the implementation of sectoral assistance. The results, however, are more distinguished at the level of sectoral cooperation tha ...
Three Key Elements of Post-2012 International Climate Policy
... are expected to continue to grow much faster than U.S. emissions (Blanford, et al. 2008). Even if all of the Annex I countries, including the United States, were to reduce their CO2 emissions to zero by 2030, it would be physically impossible for the world to achieve the frequently ...
... are expected to continue to grow much faster than U.S. emissions (Blanford, et al. 2008). Even if all of the Annex I countries, including the United States, were to reduce their CO2 emissions to zero by 2030, it would be physically impossible for the world to achieve the frequently ...
a discussion based on contributions from climate modeling
... Numerical simulation has used models of varying complexity, from energy balance models (EBM, e.g. Crowley, 2000; Osborn et al., 2006) and Earth system Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMIC, e.g. Goosse et al., 2005; Bauer and Claussen, 2006) to comprehensive atmosphere ocean GCMs (AOGCM, e.g. Zori ...
... Numerical simulation has used models of varying complexity, from energy balance models (EBM, e.g. Crowley, 2000; Osborn et al., 2006) and Earth system Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMIC, e.g. Goosse et al., 2005; Bauer and Claussen, 2006) to comprehensive atmosphere ocean GCMs (AOGCM, e.g. Zori ...
Separating Forced from Chaotic Climate Variability over the Past
... (LIA). Multimodel simulations of the past millennium are used together with a wide range of reconstructions of Northern Hemispheric mean annual temperature to separate climate variability from 850 to 1950 CE into components attributable to external forcing and internal climate variability. External ...
... (LIA). Multimodel simulations of the past millennium are used together with a wide range of reconstructions of Northern Hemispheric mean annual temperature to separate climate variability from 850 to 1950 CE into components attributable to external forcing and internal climate variability. External ...
UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol - Training for the State Negotiators on
... COP, COP/MOP, SBSTA, SBI, AWG-lCA, and AWG-KP are led by an elected bureau of officers with representatives from the five UN regional groups + AOSIS ...
... COP, COP/MOP, SBSTA, SBI, AWG-lCA, and AWG-KP are led by an elected bureau of officers with representatives from the five UN regional groups + AOSIS ...
Strategic Framework 2014–2017: SDC Global Programme Climate
... Climate Change 1 is a major global challenge and a key underlying factor in many global risks including food shortage, water supply crises and the impacts of extreme weather events. Additionally, Climate Change is a most relevant development challenge, as it affects developing countries far more tha ...
... Climate Change 1 is a major global challenge and a key underlying factor in many global risks including food shortage, water supply crises and the impacts of extreme weather events. Additionally, Climate Change is a most relevant development challenge, as it affects developing countries far more tha ...
Brent climate change strategy
... rate because of a gradual warming of the Earth’s surface. As well as gradual changes, it is predicted to increase the number of extreme weather events, such as flooding, heat waves, droughts and storms. Scientists agree that this is predominantly caused by the massive amounts of gases we emit from b ...
... rate because of a gradual warming of the Earth’s surface. As well as gradual changes, it is predicted to increase the number of extreme weather events, such as flooding, heat waves, droughts and storms. Scientists agree that this is predominantly caused by the massive amounts of gases we emit from b ...
TITLE HEADER
... • LDCs have the largest existing burdens of climate-sensitive diseases and the least effective public health systems. They suffer 34% of the global human deaths linked to climate change, the largest causes being the spread of malaria and water borne diseases, and this number is expected to rise to 4 ...
... • LDCs have the largest existing burdens of climate-sensitive diseases and the least effective public health systems. They suffer 34% of the global human deaths linked to climate change, the largest causes being the spread of malaria and water borne diseases, and this number is expected to rise to 4 ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).