Climatic Variations and the Market Value of
... economic development and population growth, notably in vulnerable regions, can cause insured losses of the insurance companies increase over time. However, what is not so clear is how the value of insurance firms can be affected. A natural disaster may have two opposing effects on the stock prices o ...
... economic development and population growth, notably in vulnerable regions, can cause insured losses of the insurance companies increase over time. However, what is not so clear is how the value of insurance firms can be affected. A natural disaster may have two opposing effects on the stock prices o ...
Curriculum Vitae - Department of Atmospheric Sciences
... Bach, W. and A.K. Jain, 1993: Climate and Ecosystem Protection Requires Binding Emission Targets: The Specific Task After Rio(II), Prospective in Energy, 2/3, 173-214. Jain, A.K. and W. Bach, 1994: The effectiveness of measures to reduce the man-made greenhouse effect: the application of a climate-p ...
... Bach, W. and A.K. Jain, 1993: Climate and Ecosystem Protection Requires Binding Emission Targets: The Specific Task After Rio(II), Prospective in Energy, 2/3, 173-214. Jain, A.K. and W. Bach, 1994: The effectiveness of measures to reduce the man-made greenhouse effect: the application of a climate-p ...
Natural history collections as windows on evolutionary processes
... alco, have a survival advantage over grey morphs. Using field data, they demonstrated a high heritability of these plumage types. Finally, they found that as annual snow cover decreased over a thirty-year period due to increasing temperatures, the frequency of brown-morph individuals increased in co ...
... alco, have a survival advantage over grey morphs. Using field data, they demonstrated a high heritability of these plumage types. Finally, they found that as annual snow cover decreased over a thirty-year period due to increasing temperatures, the frequency of brown-morph individuals increased in co ...
Negotiating the Next Climate Change Treaty
... total cost of keeping within the concentration target. It may be possible for countries to agree on a collective target such as this. But will it help? Will agreement on a collective target cause behaviour to change? In 1988, at a quasi-political conference held in Toronto, participants concluded th ...
... total cost of keeping within the concentration target. It may be possible for countries to agree on a collective target such as this. But will it help? Will agreement on a collective target cause behaviour to change? In 1988, at a quasi-political conference held in Toronto, participants concluded th ...
The future of terrestrial mammals in the Mediterranean basin under
... in our analysis, especially for points collected through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Thus, around each point of presence, we considered a circular buffer with a radius corresponding to the location error. We then generated a random point inside each buffer to which we associated th ...
... in our analysis, especially for points collected through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Thus, around each point of presence, we considered a circular buffer with a radius corresponding to the location error. We then generated a random point inside each buffer to which we associated th ...
Forest pathogens with higher damage potential due to climate
... Schimel 2003; Easterling and Apps 2005). A recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) United Nations (UN) report, which was written by 600 of the world’s leading climate scientists and reviewed by another 600, states that temperatures will rise by 2–4.5 °C, with a “best estimate” of a 3 ...
... Schimel 2003; Easterling and Apps 2005). A recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) United Nations (UN) report, which was written by 600 of the world’s leading climate scientists and reviewed by another 600, states that temperatures will rise by 2–4.5 °C, with a “best estimate” of a 3 ...
Behavioral dimensions of climate change
... is indispensible for increasing understanding of the anthropogenic drivers of climate change, how to mitigate them, and how to promote effective adaptation to our changing world. ...
... is indispensible for increasing understanding of the anthropogenic drivers of climate change, how to mitigate them, and how to promote effective adaptation to our changing world. ...
spread_talk_May2007 - UCLA: Atmospheric and Oceanic
... plot shows the upper and lower limits of the warming over the coming century predicted by current GCM simulations. ...
... plot shows the upper and lower limits of the warming over the coming century predicted by current GCM simulations. ...
Managing climate change and overcoming poverty: facing the realities and building a global agreement (455 kB) (opens in new window)
... inaction are immense; far higher than any plausible estimates of the costs of action. We know only too well the impact of poverty around the world. But what may be less wellknown are the risks to which poor people will be most exposed and vulnerable at increases in global average temperature substan ...
... inaction are immense; far higher than any plausible estimates of the costs of action. We know only too well the impact of poverty around the world. But what may be less wellknown are the risks to which poor people will be most exposed and vulnerable at increases in global average temperature substan ...
Lecture 1 CIP Module Montreal Conference Draft
... Figure 18 Observed changes in global average surface temperature, average sea level and Northern Hemisphere snow cover relative to period 1961–1990. ........................................ 39 Figure 19 Selected regional climate change observations. .................................................. ...
... Figure 18 Observed changes in global average surface temperature, average sea level and Northern Hemisphere snow cover relative to period 1961–1990. ........................................ 39 Figure 19 Selected regional climate change observations. .................................................. ...
Climate Relicts: Past, Present, Future
... Given the that current global climate is warmer than throughout most of the Pleistocene and further warming seems unavoidable (IPCC 2007), we refer primarily to “cold” relicts, that is, those populations that persist under relatively cooler and more humid microclimatic conditions within a warmer and ...
... Given the that current global climate is warmer than throughout most of the Pleistocene and further warming seems unavoidable (IPCC 2007), we refer primarily to “cold” relicts, that is, those populations that persist under relatively cooler and more humid microclimatic conditions within a warmer and ...
PDF
... this paper, I propose a Bayesian approach to assessing yield expectations. It combines subjective assessments individuals develop under uncertainty with available data through a formal learning algorithm, so that probabilities initially assigned on the basis of individual experience and knowledge ca ...
... this paper, I propose a Bayesian approach to assessing yield expectations. It combines subjective assessments individuals develop under uncertainty with available data through a formal learning algorithm, so that probabilities initially assigned on the basis of individual experience and knowledge ca ...
Nitrogen Flows in Agricultural Systems: A Modeling Perspective
... change alone on selected but economically important crops in eastern WA would be generally mild in the short term (i.e., next couple of decades), but increasingly detrimental with time (potential yield losses reaching 25% for some crops by the end of the century). ...
... change alone on selected but economically important crops in eastern WA would be generally mild in the short term (i.e., next couple of decades), but increasingly detrimental with time (potential yield losses reaching 25% for some crops by the end of the century). ...
The Impacts of Climate Change on the Coral Reefs of the Caribbean
... Global climate change has emerged over the past decade as one of the major environmental issues facing countries worldwide. The Caribbean, with its small islands and lowlying states, is facing serious challenges as they seek to grapple with the impacts of a changing climate. Global temperatures hav ...
... Global climate change has emerged over the past decade as one of the major environmental issues facing countries worldwide. The Caribbean, with its small islands and lowlying states, is facing serious challenges as they seek to grapple with the impacts of a changing climate. Global temperatures hav ...
Hydroclimatic Variability and Predictability: A Survey of Recent
... Given its societal relevance, drought has been tracked extensively in recent years. In the United States, the U.S. Drought Monitor (http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home.aspx) provides a current weekly map of drought conditions, and the U.S. ...
... Given its societal relevance, drought has been tracked extensively in recent years. In the United States, the U.S. Drought Monitor (http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home.aspx) provides a current weekly map of drought conditions, and the U.S. ...
U_Toronto_Jan2007 - Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
... plot shows the upper and lower limits of the warming over the coming century predicted by current GCM simulations. ...
... plot shows the upper and lower limits of the warming over the coming century predicted by current GCM simulations. ...
Top-level Research Initiative
... is an effort on the part of the Nordic countries to find solutions to global climate challenges and is the largest-ever venture of its kind. The Nordic countries are taking a collaborative, large-scale approach to research and innovation. In addition to strengthening the position of the Nordic count ...
... is an effort on the part of the Nordic countries to find solutions to global climate challenges and is the largest-ever venture of its kind. The Nordic countries are taking a collaborative, large-scale approach to research and innovation. In addition to strengthening the position of the Nordic count ...
Complex Life Cycles and the Responses of Insects to Climate Change
... et al. 2009). Daytime humidities in summer are typically lower than 25%, increasing the potential for evaporative water loss from eggs. Since the eggs are small, they are nearly always isothermal with nearby microenvironments. However, eggs lie within the boundary layer of the leaf’s surface (Woods ...
... et al. 2009). Daytime humidities in summer are typically lower than 25%, increasing the potential for evaporative water loss from eggs. Since the eggs are small, they are nearly always isothermal with nearby microenvironments. However, eggs lie within the boundary layer of the leaf’s surface (Woods ...
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
... rebuilt in recent years and there are, on average, about two health centres per district. Access to healthcare infrastructure, at 87%, is one of the highest in the region and the Ministry of Health received 5% of total government spending in 2001. State expenditures on health are low at 0.5% of GDP ...
... rebuilt in recent years and there are, on average, about two health centres per district. Access to healthcare infrastructure, at 87%, is one of the highest in the region and the Ministry of Health received 5% of total government spending in 2001. State expenditures on health are low at 0.5% of GDP ...
Mesozoic Climates. - Return to Home Page
... gases are nitrogen (78% by volume) and oxygen (21% by volume), and together they make up over 99% of the lower atmosphere. There is no evidence that the relative levels of these two gases are changing significantly over time (Kemp, 1994). Despite their relative scarcity, the so-called greenhouse gas ...
... gases are nitrogen (78% by volume) and oxygen (21% by volume), and together they make up over 99% of the lower atmosphere. There is no evidence that the relative levels of these two gases are changing significantly over time (Kemp, 1994). Despite their relative scarcity, the so-called greenhouse gas ...
Chapter 6 Non-CO climate effects of aviation
... detailed modelling of atmospheric chemistry and of highly uncertain physical processes that affect aerosol abundance and cloud formation. • Spatial and temporal variation: Kyoto GHGs have long lifetimes (on the order of several years or more) allowing them to become well-mixed in the atmosphere and ...
... detailed modelling of atmospheric chemistry and of highly uncertain physical processes that affect aerosol abundance and cloud formation. • Spatial and temporal variation: Kyoto GHGs have long lifetimes (on the order of several years or more) allowing them to become well-mixed in the atmosphere and ...
The effect of climate and climate change on ammonia emissions in
... aerosols (Xu and Penner, 2012). However, the impact of climate change on future ammonia emission was not studied, thus neglecting a potential feedback mechanism between the nitrogen cycle and climate change. Such feedback mechanisms in the climate system that involves the nitrogen cycle have, in a r ...
... aerosols (Xu and Penner, 2012). However, the impact of climate change on future ammonia emission was not studied, thus neglecting a potential feedback mechanism between the nitrogen cycle and climate change. Such feedback mechanisms in the climate system that involves the nitrogen cycle have, in a r ...
CGE Training Materials for Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment
... decision-making preferences. Evaluating and ranking adaptation options can be useful for setting priorities for domestic action. There is no right or wrong way to evaluate adaptation options and set priorities. However, involvement of stakeholders is critical because any ranking of adaptation option ...
... decision-making preferences. Evaluating and ranking adaptation options can be useful for setting priorities for domestic action. There is no right or wrong way to evaluate adaptation options and set priorities. However, involvement of stakeholders is critical because any ranking of adaptation option ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).