The Risks of Multiple Breadbasket Failures in the 21st Century: A
... distant from the resources that sustain them (Delgado 2003; Prentice 2006). To the extent that these dietary shifts rely on grain-fed animal products, their net effect is to magnify the demand for grains, i.e. the demand will grow more rapidly than population growth per se would suggest, which will ...
... distant from the resources that sustain them (Delgado 2003; Prentice 2006). To the extent that these dietary shifts rely on grain-fed animal products, their net effect is to magnify the demand for grains, i.e. the demand will grow more rapidly than population growth per se would suggest, which will ...
Climate Extremes Communications Guidebook
... It is important to understand the basic description of commonly used terminology in climate science, including the terms “weather”, “climate”, and “climate extremes”. The World Meteorological Organization states that “on the simplest level, the weather is what is happening in the atmosphere at any g ...
... It is important to understand the basic description of commonly used terminology in climate science, including the terms “weather”, “climate”, and “climate extremes”. The World Meteorological Organization states that “on the simplest level, the weather is what is happening in the atmosphere at any g ...
Gregory et al. (2013) - American Meteorological Society
... methane and then the nonzero time-dependent historical methane concentration were imposed in a simulation that began from the control state, it is obvious that a spurious warming tendency would be present throughout the historical simulation while the climate system adjusted to the sudden introducti ...
... methane and then the nonzero time-dependent historical methane concentration were imposed in a simulation that began from the control state, it is obvious that a spurious warming tendency would be present throughout the historical simulation while the climate system adjusted to the sudden introducti ...
Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole
... from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, mass loss from glaciers, and changes in water storage on land due principally to groundwater depletion and reservoir construction. Improved observational estimates of all these terms have helped to clarify the budget of GMSLR in recent decades. In the ana ...
... from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, mass loss from glaciers, and changes in water storage on land due principally to groundwater depletion and reservoir construction. Improved observational estimates of all these terms have helped to clarify the budget of GMSLR in recent decades. In the ana ...
Evans - NERC
... plants are likely to exhibit more advanced phenology than their pollinators (Forrest & Thomson 2011). Whilst Ignasi et al. (2011) report similar rates of phenological advances in the timing of bee emergence and flowering of bee pollinated plants across North America there is potential for trophic mi ...
... plants are likely to exhibit more advanced phenology than their pollinators (Forrest & Thomson 2011). Whilst Ignasi et al. (2011) report similar rates of phenological advances in the timing of bee emergence and flowering of bee pollinated plants across North America there is potential for trophic mi ...
Outline of implementation plan of Semi
... These areas are most vulnerable in global environmental change. These areas are also known as the major source of dust aerosols, which not only directly causes serious damage to human health, agriculture and economics in regions, but also to other regions through long distance transport of huge amou ...
... These areas are most vulnerable in global environmental change. These areas are also known as the major source of dust aerosols, which not only directly causes serious damage to human health, agriculture and economics in regions, but also to other regions through long distance transport of huge amou ...
Impacts of future climate change on soil frost in the midwestern
... [2] At global and regional scales, long‐term changes in climate have been observed. In 2005, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported a sharp increase in global average air temperatures, at a rate of 0.18°C per decade since 1976, with most of the warming attributed to the anthropogenic g ...
... [2] At global and regional scales, long‐term changes in climate have been observed. In 2005, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported a sharp increase in global average air temperatures, at a rate of 0.18°C per decade since 1976, with most of the warming attributed to the anthropogenic g ...
The future is here: climate change in the Pacific
... Federated States of Micronesia, climate change is not something that could happen in the future, but something they are experiencing now. Their residents are among the world’s most vulnerable to changes in rainfall and extreme weather events like storm surges or king tides, despite being among those ...
... Federated States of Micronesia, climate change is not something that could happen in the future, but something they are experiencing now. Their residents are among the world’s most vulnerable to changes in rainfall and extreme weather events like storm surges or king tides, despite being among those ...
regional climate vulnerability assessment
... 4. Addressing climate change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.1 Awareness of climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Case ...
... 4. Addressing climate change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.1 Awareness of climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Case ...
The Need for (and Obstacles to) Regional Collective Action in Climate Adaptation
... necessary. As explained, a regional approach is important for at least two reasons. First, many climate challenges involve either transboundary resources such as waterways or the transboundary movement of resources, including people, which cannot be addressed by one nation alone. In these cases, wor ...
... necessary. As explained, a regional approach is important for at least two reasons. First, many climate challenges involve either transboundary resources such as waterways or the transboundary movement of resources, including people, which cannot be addressed by one nation alone. In these cases, wor ...
PDF
... direct effects of CO2 fertilization and adaptation measures into account (Parry et al., 2004). In Europe, climate change (CC) impacts on agriculture are ambiguous: While for Northern Europe moderate CC may have in general positive effects on agricultural systems, the disadvantages for agriculture ca ...
... direct effects of CO2 fertilization and adaptation measures into account (Parry et al., 2004). In Europe, climate change (CC) impacts on agriculture are ambiguous: While for Northern Europe moderate CC may have in general positive effects on agricultural systems, the disadvantages for agriculture ca ...
GLOBIO3: A Framework to Investigate Options for Reducing Global
... No cause–effect relationships are available for the drivers ‘biotic exchange’ and ‘atmospheric CO2 concentration’ so they are not included in the current version. The drivers land-use change and harvesting (mainly forestry), atmospheric nitrogen deposition, fragmentation, and climate change are sour ...
... No cause–effect relationships are available for the drivers ‘biotic exchange’ and ‘atmospheric CO2 concentration’ so they are not included in the current version. The drivers land-use change and harvesting (mainly forestry), atmospheric nitrogen deposition, fragmentation, and climate change are sour ...
Preserving the Ocean Circulation: Implications for Climate Policy
... Schmittner and Stocker, 1999, Rahmstorf and Ganopolski, 1999]. An important link between atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and the ocean circulation is the density of the surface waters in regions like the North Atlantic where ocean deep waters are formed. Warm and salty oceanic surface wate ...
... Schmittner and Stocker, 1999, Rahmstorf and Ganopolski, 1999]. An important link between atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and the ocean circulation is the density of the surface waters in regions like the North Atlantic where ocean deep waters are formed. Warm and salty oceanic surface wate ...
CLIMATE CHANGE Indicators for Ireland (2000-LS-5.2.2-M1) Final Report
... and Innovation Programme under the Productive Sector Operational Programme 2000-2006. The programme is financed by the Irish Government under the National Development Plan 2000-2006. It is administered on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Local Government by the Environmental Protectio ...
... and Innovation Programme under the Productive Sector Operational Programme 2000-2006. The programme is financed by the Irish Government under the National Development Plan 2000-2006. It is administered on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Local Government by the Environmental Protectio ...
GOVERNMENT LIABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: SELECTED LEGAL ISSUES RELATED TO FLOOD
... expected in the coming years. This is particularly true where scientific studies quantify climate change and increases in the frequency and intensity of flooding. To reduce flood damages from climate change, governments can strengthen their floodplain regulations including revised floodplain maps, i ...
... expected in the coming years. This is particularly true where scientific studies quantify climate change and increases in the frequency and intensity of flooding. To reduce flood damages from climate change, governments can strengthen their floodplain regulations including revised floodplain maps, i ...
Simulating tick distributions over sub-Saharan Africa: the use
... Resource and Environmental Studies (CRES) and Climate Research Unit (CRU)] or highresolution model-derived climate data [Division of Atmospheric Research limited-area model (DARLAM)] for predictive species modelling, using tick distributions from subSaharan Africa. Location The analysis is restricte ...
... Resource and Environmental Studies (CRES) and Climate Research Unit (CRU)] or highresolution model-derived climate data [Division of Atmospheric Research limited-area model (DARLAM)] for predictive species modelling, using tick distributions from subSaharan Africa. Location The analysis is restricte ...
LCARL362_en.pdf
... Between 2008 and 2011, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has worked on a project to assess the economic impact of climate change in the Caribbean. The overall aim is to prepare the Caribbean region to better respond to climate change, while fostering ...
... Between 2008 and 2011, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has worked on a project to assess the economic impact of climate change in the Caribbean. The overall aim is to prepare the Caribbean region to better respond to climate change, while fostering ...
Climate change intensification of horizontal water vapor transport in
... Twenty-two GCMs from the CMIP5 archive [Taylor et al., 2012] were used in the analysis (Table S1 in the supporting information) based on their data availability; the chosen models have horizontal resolutions ranging from 1.125° × 1.125° to 2.813° × 2.813°. For each model, three simulations (using en ...
... Twenty-two GCMs from the CMIP5 archive [Taylor et al., 2012] were used in the analysis (Table S1 in the supporting information) based on their data availability; the chosen models have horizontal resolutions ranging from 1.125° × 1.125° to 2.813° × 2.813°. For each model, three simulations (using en ...
A climate of uncertainty: accounting for error in climate variables for
... calculating prediction intervals (PI) for the response variable could be used. Unlike a confidence interval (CI), the PI takes into account both the variation in the possible location of the expected value of the response variable for a given explanatory variable, and variation of individual values o ...
... calculating prediction intervals (PI) for the response variable could be used. Unlike a confidence interval (CI), the PI takes into account both the variation in the possible location of the expected value of the response variable for a given explanatory variable, and variation of individual values o ...
Precipitation response of monsoon low
... Large rainfall rates are associated with the LPS, and during the monsoon the LPS produces about half of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall [Yoon and Chen, 2005]. Monsoon LPS can also trigger intense precipitation events in the vicinity of the propagation path [Goswami et al., 2006; Sikka, 2006; Ajay ...
... Large rainfall rates are associated with the LPS, and during the monsoon the LPS produces about half of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall [Yoon and Chen, 2005]. Monsoon LPS can also trigger intense precipitation events in the vicinity of the propagation path [Goswami et al., 2006; Sikka, 2006; Ajay ...
Climate Conventions and Africa/Ethiopia - EfD
... Climate change is one of the main problems affecting the global environment that is critical to human welfare. Climate change refers to a long-run increase in average surface temperature which goes under the name “global warming” or sometimes the “greenhouse1 effect”. It is caused by increases in gr ...
... Climate change is one of the main problems affecting the global environment that is critical to human welfare. Climate change refers to a long-run increase in average surface temperature which goes under the name “global warming” or sometimes the “greenhouse1 effect”. It is caused by increases in gr ...
PDF
... not given any information about the potential for global co-operation at this stage. Instead, they were advised to keep their perceptions about the likelihood of reaching a broader global consensus about emissions reduction targets in mind when answering the first WTP question. The respondents who s ...
... not given any information about the potential for global co-operation at this stage. Instead, they were advised to keep their perceptions about the likelihood of reaching a broader global consensus about emissions reduction targets in mind when answering the first WTP question. The respondents who s ...
early human health effects of climate change and stratospheric
... Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis ...
... Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).