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... involve more than one parameter such as air temperature, humidity and pressure changes, all of which influence snow depth and water content (Lundquist et al., 2008). Nevertheless, during the event, there was an apparent increase in SWE around 112 ° E and 37° N (Figure 2(g); circled) which is in good ...
... involve more than one parameter such as air temperature, humidity and pressure changes, all of which influence snow depth and water content (Lundquist et al., 2008). Nevertheless, during the event, there was an apparent increase in SWE around 112 ° E and 37° N (Figure 2(g); circled) which is in good ...
Deliverable 2F3 Full Costs of Climate Change WP 2F
... services and cultural services (Table 1). Summarising the contribution of each biome to these services leads to a total value of US$ 33 trillion per year (accounting for uncertainties leads to a range of US$ 16-54 trillion per year). A follow up study by (Balmford et al. 2002) assessed the marginal ...
... services and cultural services (Table 1). Summarising the contribution of each biome to these services leads to a total value of US$ 33 trillion per year (accounting for uncertainties leads to a range of US$ 16-54 trillion per year). A follow up study by (Balmford et al. 2002) assessed the marginal ...
Implications of Climate Change for Armed Conflict
... be the consequence of either one (or both) of the two following processes: (i) a dwindling resource base, and/or (ii) increased demand for the resource through increased population pressure and/or increased consumption.2 While increasing scarcity is generally regarded as more harmful than scarcity p ...
... be the consequence of either one (or both) of the two following processes: (i) a dwindling resource base, and/or (ii) increased demand for the resource through increased population pressure and/or increased consumption.2 While increasing scarcity is generally regarded as more harmful than scarcity p ...
Now you Sea Ice, Now you Don`t
... Many students have trouble comprehending how just a few degrees of atmospheric warming (in this case, 6ºC) could make a difference in their lives. This lesson demonstrates that a decline of such a charismatic species like the Adélie penguin is an example of how a seemingly minor change in climate ca ...
... Many students have trouble comprehending how just a few degrees of atmospheric warming (in this case, 6ºC) could make a difference in their lives. This lesson demonstrates that a decline of such a charismatic species like the Adélie penguin is an example of how a seemingly minor change in climate ca ...
Ecological controls on net ecosystem productivity of a seasonally dry
... or source of C. Pereira et al. (2007) made a similar finding for a Mediterranean grassland in Portugal. The climatic signals initiating and terminating net C uptake in seasonally dry grasslands are therefore important ecological controls on NEP. Botta et al. (2000) used an index derived from modelled ...
... or source of C. Pereira et al. (2007) made a similar finding for a Mediterranean grassland in Portugal. The climatic signals initiating and terminating net C uptake in seasonally dry grasslands are therefore important ecological controls on NEP. Botta et al. (2000) used an index derived from modelled ...
Promising Practices on cLimate cHange in UrBan sUB
... some 30 cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America. ...
... some 30 cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America. ...
On the hydrOlOgical cycle Of the amazOn Basin: a histOrical
... about how such land surface disruptions may affect the water cycle in the tropics. Eltahir and Bras (1994), Brubaker et al., (1993) and Costa and Foley (1999) among others have estimated an annual mean recycle rate of about 20% to 35% that are lower than the previous estimates by Molion. Climate var ...
... about how such land surface disruptions may affect the water cycle in the tropics. Eltahir and Bras (1994), Brubaker et al., (1993) and Costa and Foley (1999) among others have estimated an annual mean recycle rate of about 20% to 35% that are lower than the previous estimates by Molion. Climate var ...
Can sense-making tools inform adaptation policy?
... providing tangible, efficient, and one-time policy solutions. ...
... providing tangible, efficient, and one-time policy solutions. ...
Global Concern about Climate Change, Broad Support for Limiting
... with the statement “Rich countries, such as the U.S., Japan and Germany, should do more than developing countries because they have produced most of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions so far.” A median of just 38% believe that “Developing countries should do just as much as rich countries because ...
... with the statement “Rich countries, such as the U.S., Japan and Germany, should do more than developing countries because they have produced most of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions so far.” A median of just 38% believe that “Developing countries should do just as much as rich countries because ...
Impact of Climate Change on the Boreal Forest in Finland and Sweden
... could possibly increase the risk for snow-induced forest damages. Studying the impact of climate change on snow-induced forest damages is, however, somewhat intricate, because occurrence of these snow-induced damages is spatially and temporally rather coincidental and limited within certain weather ...
... could possibly increase the risk for snow-induced forest damages. Studying the impact of climate change on snow-induced forest damages is, however, somewhat intricate, because occurrence of these snow-induced damages is spatially and temporally rather coincidental and limited within certain weather ...
Effects of global warming on arctic sea-floor
... hotspots (e.g., coral reefs, kelp forests, seagrass beds) and among the most productive and diverse in the world. From a global perspective, benthic communities support rich commercial fisheries and provide important “ecosystem goods and services” (Costanza et al. 1997). Many species of commercially ...
... hotspots (e.g., coral reefs, kelp forests, seagrass beds) and among the most productive and diverse in the world. From a global perspective, benthic communities support rich commercial fisheries and provide important “ecosystem goods and services” (Costanza et al. 1997). Many species of commercially ...
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... The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was signed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 and entered into force on 21 March 1994. The objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions "at a level that would prevent dangerous ...
... The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was signed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 and entered into force on 21 March 1994. The objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions "at a level that would prevent dangerous ...
GDI 12 – Warming Core
... findings, including ones carried out by groups such as NASA, the Hadley Center, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Our biggest surprise was that the new results agreed so closely with the warming values published previously," Muller said in a statement. "This confirms that the ...
... findings, including ones carried out by groups such as NASA, the Hadley Center, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Our biggest surprise was that the new results agreed so closely with the warming values published previously," Muller said in a statement. "This confirms that the ...
Climate warming will reduce growth and survival of Scots pine
... and response functions often have uni-directional responses across a large climate space (Rehfeldt et al. 1999a). This was largely the case for the Scots pine data in this study. Additionally, sites with the largest range in DMAT, both in positive and negative directions, showed little evidence of g ...
... and response functions often have uni-directional responses across a large climate space (Rehfeldt et al. 1999a). This was largely the case for the Scots pine data in this study. Additionally, sites with the largest range in DMAT, both in positive and negative directions, showed little evidence of g ...
Effects of Climate Change on
... The model has so far only been thoroughly tested for the Gulf of Finland and the North-eastern Baltic Proper. The area where the model’s results are most reliable is indicated by the map on page 2 (Map 1). In the southern waters of the Baltic Proper the model’s results are only indicative. Five year ...
... The model has so far only been thoroughly tested for the Gulf of Finland and the North-eastern Baltic Proper. The area where the model’s results are most reliable is indicated by the map on page 2 (Map 1). In the southern waters of the Baltic Proper the model’s results are only indicative. Five year ...
Evaluation of spatial changes in different climates of Iran
... different combinations to create unique “bundles of stresses” upon environmental and human systems. Developing countries are vulnerable to extreme weather events in present day climatic variability and this cause’s substantial economic damage. On an annual basis over the past decade, developing coun ...
... different combinations to create unique “bundles of stresses” upon environmental and human systems. Developing countries are vulnerable to extreme weather events in present day climatic variability and this cause’s substantial economic damage. On an annual basis over the past decade, developing coun ...
Climate Change Essentials
... based on standardized requirements. Developed countries have been called on to mobilize financial resources to assist developing countries with respect to both mitigation and adaptation, and other parties are encouraged to provide or continue to provide such support voluntarily. The adoption of the ...
... based on standardized requirements. Developed countries have been called on to mobilize financial resources to assist developing countries with respect to both mitigation and adaptation, and other parties are encouraged to provide or continue to provide such support voluntarily. The adoption of the ...
ON THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE OF THE AMAZON BASIN: A
... The ratio of how much precipitation comes from a local region through evaporation versus how much comes from advection into the region is known as the “recycling” ratio, and has been matter of studies since the middle 1970’s by Molion (1975) and Salati et al. (1979). This ratio varies substantially ...
... The ratio of how much precipitation comes from a local region through evaporation versus how much comes from advection into the region is known as the “recycling” ratio, and has been matter of studies since the middle 1970’s by Molion (1975) and Salati et al. (1979). This ratio varies substantially ...
Report Workshop on Regional and National Climate
... Over 70% of the area of the GHA is classified as arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) and the GHA countries share pronounced climatic variability and trends. They are vulnerable to extreme climatic conditions due to their very high degree of rainfall variability both in space and time. Most of the hazar ...
... Over 70% of the area of the GHA is classified as arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) and the GHA countries share pronounced climatic variability and trends. They are vulnerable to extreme climatic conditions due to their very high degree of rainfall variability both in space and time. Most of the hazar ...
Adapting to Climate Change in Tasmania
... between 1.6°C and 2.9°C by 2100, with maximum and minimum temperatures increasing by varying amounts, depending on the region. Rainfall patterns may change significantly from season to season and from region to region, with more rain expected on the coasts and less in central Tasmania. Rainfall i ...
... between 1.6°C and 2.9°C by 2100, with maximum and minimum temperatures increasing by varying amounts, depending on the region. Rainfall patterns may change significantly from season to season and from region to region, with more rain expected on the coasts and less in central Tasmania. Rainfall i ...
On multiple solutions of the atmosphere–vegetation system in
... Traditionally, vegetation has been considered as a passive component of climate (e.g. Köppen 1936 who considers vegetation as ‘crystallized, visible climate’). At the same time, it is recognized that vegetation can play an active role in the climate system by amplifying climate changes induced by, ...
... Traditionally, vegetation has been considered as a passive component of climate (e.g. Köppen 1936 who considers vegetation as ‘crystallized, visible climate’). At the same time, it is recognized that vegetation can play an active role in the climate system by amplifying climate changes induced by, ...
ARTICLE Potential climate change impacts on temperate forest ecosystem processes
... Abstract: Large changes in atmospheric CO2, temperature, and precipitation are predicted by 2100, yet the long-term consequences for carbon (C), water, and nitrogen (N) cycling in forests are poorly understood. We applied the PnET-CN ecosystem model to compare the long-term effects of changing clima ...
... Abstract: Large changes in atmospheric CO2, temperature, and precipitation are predicted by 2100, yet the long-term consequences for carbon (C), water, and nitrogen (N) cycling in forests are poorly understood. We applied the PnET-CN ecosystem model to compare the long-term effects of changing clima ...
Chapter 10
... with El-Niño were reported to be more frequent and intense in the past 20 years (Trenberth and Hoar, 1997; Aldhous, 2004). Significantly longer heatwave duration has been observed in many countries of Asia, as indicated by pronounced warming trends and several cases of severe heatwaves (De and Mukho ...
... with El-Niño were reported to be more frequent and intense in the past 20 years (Trenberth and Hoar, 1997; Aldhous, 2004). Significantly longer heatwave duration has been observed in many countries of Asia, as indicated by pronounced warming trends and several cases of severe heatwaves (De and Mukho ...
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... Increasingly intense economic activities are triggering a range of global environmental risks to health and well-being of unprecedented scale and of a systemic nature. Climate change is a burgeoning reality. The global mean surface temperature has increased by 0.74±0.18°C over the last 100 years, wh ...
... Increasingly intense economic activities are triggering a range of global environmental risks to health and well-being of unprecedented scale and of a systemic nature. Climate change is a burgeoning reality. The global mean surface temperature has increased by 0.74±0.18°C over the last 100 years, wh ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).