IFC Definitions and Metrics for Climate
... must be professionally managed in order for their companies to stay competitive. At the same time as climate change increasingly strains scarce resources such as water, energy, food, and land, the poorest are and will be hardest hit because they are the least equipped to adapt to these changes. As g ...
... must be professionally managed in order for their companies to stay competitive. At the same time as climate change increasingly strains scarce resources such as water, energy, food, and land, the poorest are and will be hardest hit because they are the least equipped to adapt to these changes. As g ...
assessing the climate change adaptability of buildings
... an early ‘tipping point’ that may expose us to irreversible and adverse environmental trends (Pittock 2009b). Furthermore it has been argued that even the most aggressive global movements to reduce carbon emissions can do little to avoid a significant shift in the global climate system (Barker et al ...
... an early ‘tipping point’ that may expose us to irreversible and adverse environmental trends (Pittock 2009b). Furthermore it has been argued that even the most aggressive global movements to reduce carbon emissions can do little to avoid a significant shift in the global climate system (Barker et al ...
Report
... carbon into the atmosphere is responsible for the greenhouse effect. “The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion ton[s] of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion to ...
... carbon into the atmosphere is responsible for the greenhouse effect. “The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion ton[s] of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion to ...
Coalition formation in Integrated Assessment Models
... stability of the grand coalition, the coalition of all players. The most prominent solution concept is the core. An outcome (a vector specifying the payoffs of all players) is in the core if no coalition can improve their payoff upon what they receive according to that outcome (i.e. what they receiv ...
... stability of the grand coalition, the coalition of all players. The most prominent solution concept is the core. An outcome (a vector specifying the payoffs of all players) is in the core if no coalition can improve their payoff upon what they receive according to that outcome (i.e. what they receiv ...
Why Climate Demands Change Michael A. Taylor
... in particular. The argument that climate demands change is based on an inherent climate sensitivity which small islands possess and which makes the impact of climate variations much greater than it is for larger countries. In the past, this impact has been positive for Jamaica, as the expected clima ...
... in particular. The argument that climate demands change is based on an inherent climate sensitivity which small islands possess and which makes the impact of climate variations much greater than it is for larger countries. In the past, this impact has been positive for Jamaica, as the expected clima ...
Climate Commitments: Assessing the Options
... principle, are the subject of endless debate among scholars and states. Although these principles reflect strong moral imperatives—and may even have the status of international law—in the absence of courts that could apply and enforce them, they are unlikely to be of significant use in changing stat ...
... principle, are the subject of endless debate among scholars and states. Although these principles reflect strong moral imperatives—and may even have the status of international law—in the absence of courts that could apply and enforce them, they are unlikely to be of significant use in changing stat ...
Climate change inspector with intentionally biased bootstrapping
... variations of precipitation under the global warming condition. From the Clausius–Clapeyron (C–C) relation, saturation vapor pressure increases by 6–7 % for each 1 ◦ C increase in temperature, and rainfall intensity also increases at a similar rate with warming (Trenberth and Shea, 2005). Lenderink ...
... variations of precipitation under the global warming condition. From the Clausius–Clapeyron (C–C) relation, saturation vapor pressure increases by 6–7 % for each 1 ◦ C increase in temperature, and rainfall intensity also increases at a similar rate with warming (Trenberth and Shea, 2005). Lenderink ...
Climate Change Adaptation Discussion Paper MS Word
... Focus area two: the built environment 2.1 Developing a city for the future The City of Melbourne has seen a large increase in residential population over recent years. Since 2001 the municipality’s residential population has more than doubled to over 128,000 (2015) people. This is expected to grow t ...
... Focus area two: the built environment 2.1 Developing a city for the future The City of Melbourne has seen a large increase in residential population over recent years. Since 2001 the municipality’s residential population has more than doubled to over 128,000 (2015) people. This is expected to grow t ...
Climate Change, Indigenous Peoples and the Arctic: The Changing
... environment of the Arctic as well as its wildlife. Unlike the Antarctic, the Arctic is home to approximately 4 million people of which about 500,000 are indigenous peoples. The impact on their traditional way of life can be considerable.16 The impacts of climate change on the Arctic have significant ...
... environment of the Arctic as well as its wildlife. Unlike the Antarctic, the Arctic is home to approximately 4 million people of which about 500,000 are indigenous peoples. The impact on their traditional way of life can be considerable.16 The impacts of climate change on the Arctic have significant ...
peltonen
... and sustainable intensification of production systems in the northern regions. One could even say that by these means climate change takes northern European crop production into a new era. However, fluctuating weather conditions, meaning large inter- and intraannual as well as spatial variation, are ...
... and sustainable intensification of production systems in the northern regions. One could even say that by these means climate change takes northern European crop production into a new era. However, fluctuating weather conditions, meaning large inter- and intraannual as well as spatial variation, are ...
i3084e15
... and sustainable intensification of production systems in the northern regions. One could even say that by these means climate change takes northern European crop production into a new era. However, fluctuating weather conditions, meaning large inter- and intraannual as well as spatial variation, are ...
... and sustainable intensification of production systems in the northern regions. One could even say that by these means climate change takes northern European crop production into a new era. However, fluctuating weather conditions, meaning large inter- and intraannual as well as spatial variation, are ...
Download (PDF)
... These papers also rely on stark linearity assumptions. While this provides considerable simplification to the analyses, they connote important departures from reality. Dutta and Radner (2004, 2005, 2006, 2009) assume linear damages; a number of researchers have argued that the impacts of climate cha ...
... These papers also rely on stark linearity assumptions. While this provides considerable simplification to the analyses, they connote important departures from reality. Dutta and Radner (2004, 2005, 2006, 2009) assume linear damages; a number of researchers have argued that the impacts of climate cha ...
Recent and future changes in the combination of annual
... the trends in terms of changes in CYTs can provide an important understanding of overall climate change characteristics. In China, some studies of regional CYTs have been conducted. For example, Shi et al. (2007) found that the climate has changed from warm and dry to warm and wet in Northwest China ...
... the trends in terms of changes in CYTs can provide an important understanding of overall climate change characteristics. In China, some studies of regional CYTs have been conducted. For example, Shi et al. (2007) found that the climate has changed from warm and dry to warm and wet in Northwest China ...
Recent observed climate change over the Arabian Peninsula
... [2] Many parts of the world and especially developed countries have benefited from assessments of observed climate changes, especially in relation to temperature and precipitation owing to the societal importance of these parameters [Goddard et al., 2001]. According to the IPCC fourth assessment rep ...
... [2] Many parts of the world and especially developed countries have benefited from assessments of observed climate changes, especially in relation to temperature and precipitation owing to the societal importance of these parameters [Goddard et al., 2001]. According to the IPCC fourth assessment rep ...
PDF
... vulnerability to climate change (Reilly et al., 1993). Poor people are expected to be affected more from the changes (Laborde, 2011). To sum up, trade liberalization is expected to increase the welfare of Turkey, especially through its effects on consumers. However, the findings in the literature ar ...
... vulnerability to climate change (Reilly et al., 1993). Poor people are expected to be affected more from the changes (Laborde, 2011). To sum up, trade liberalization is expected to increase the welfare of Turkey, especially through its effects on consumers. However, the findings in the literature ar ...
Trends in the land and ocean carbon uptake
... The fraction of total CO2 emissions that remain in the atmosphere – the ‘airborne fraction (AF)’ – has implications for radiative forcing and global warming. It is thus an important quantity to understand and monitor. By definition, AF is a measure of the capacity of the CO2 sinks to keep up with th ...
... The fraction of total CO2 emissions that remain in the atmosphere – the ‘airborne fraction (AF)’ – has implications for radiative forcing and global warming. It is thus an important quantity to understand and monitor. By definition, AF is a measure of the capacity of the CO2 sinks to keep up with th ...
Analysis of vegetation distribution in Interior Alaska and sensitivity to
... Vegetation distribution and climate change elevation ranges from 18 to 1830 m while drainage ranges from 1 to 7), t-value coefficients of the regression are not directly comparable among explanatory variables. This difference in range among the input parameters can be adjusted by standardizing each ...
... Vegetation distribution and climate change elevation ranges from 18 to 1830 m while drainage ranges from 1 to 7), t-value coefficients of the regression are not directly comparable among explanatory variables. This difference in range among the input parameters can be adjusted by standardizing each ...
Peru-Chile upwelling dynamics under climate change - HAL-Insu
... IPSL-CM4 surface winds along the Peru and Chile coasts under idealized preindustrial (PI), doubling and quadrupling CO2 scenarios. Their results confirmed the wind strengthening off Chile, whereas they show a decrease in the annual mean off Peru, consequence of an austral summer decrease and a modera ...
... IPSL-CM4 surface winds along the Peru and Chile coasts under idealized preindustrial (PI), doubling and quadrupling CO2 scenarios. Their results confirmed the wind strengthening off Chile, whereas they show a decrease in the annual mean off Peru, consequence of an austral summer decrease and a modera ...
Shifting plant phenology in response to global change
... onset and senescence also determine growing season length, thus driving annual carbon uptake in terrestrial ecosystems [21]. Global climate change could significantly alter plant phenology because temperature influences the timing of development, both alone and through interactions with other cues, ...
... onset and senescence also determine growing season length, thus driving annual carbon uptake in terrestrial ecosystems [21]. Global climate change could significantly alter plant phenology because temperature influences the timing of development, both alone and through interactions with other cues, ...
Sharing responsibility to divest from fossil fuels
... types of collectives, not just potential group agents, to hold responsibilities; especially new collectives which assemble in response to a particular problem. But does Held’s model violate the agency principle since it requires action of a collection which is not yet an agent? Perhaps agency is not ...
... types of collectives, not just potential group agents, to hold responsibilities; especially new collectives which assemble in response to a particular problem. But does Held’s model violate the agency principle since it requires action of a collection which is not yet an agent? Perhaps agency is not ...
Climate change science and Victoria
... general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific ...
... general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific ...
Risk-based assessment of climate change impacts
... scale variability such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). Furthermore, the limited spatial resolution of GCMs means that there is reduced confidence in certain key elements in the Atlantic LAB such as: the Arctic-Atlantic linkage including the t ...
... scale variability such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). Furthermore, the limited spatial resolution of GCMs means that there is reduced confidence in certain key elements in the Atlantic LAB such as: the Arctic-Atlantic linkage including the t ...
Climate Change Adaptation Actions for Local
... Preparing Australia for the unavoidable impacts of climate change is imperative. Australia’s climate is clearly changing and increasing temperatures, sea level rise, changing rainfall patterns and more frequent and intense extreme climatic events are likely. Many Australian sectors and systems are h ...
... Preparing Australia for the unavoidable impacts of climate change is imperative. Australia’s climate is clearly changing and increasing temperatures, sea level rise, changing rainfall patterns and more frequent and intense extreme climatic events are likely. Many Australian sectors and systems are h ...
Conserving Freshwater and Coastal Resources in a Changing Climate
... most likely, centuries. It is important for organizations, agencies, and individuals working on environmental conservation to understand the probable ecological and societal effects of climate change and to identify and implement appropriate policies to plan for and adapt to climate changes and depl ...
... most likely, centuries. It is important for organizations, agencies, and individuals working on environmental conservation to understand the probable ecological and societal effects of climate change and to identify and implement appropriate policies to plan for and adapt to climate changes and depl ...
Potential Effects of Climate Change on Crop Pollination
... support the increased demand for food brought about by predicted population increases. Insect pollination is threatened by several environmental and anthropogenic factors, and concern has been raised over a looming potential pollination crisis. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) re ...
... support the increased demand for food brought about by predicted population increases. Insect pollination is threatened by several environmental and anthropogenic factors, and concern has been raised over a looming potential pollination crisis. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) re ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).