References
... Bonan, G.B. 1993a. Physiological controls of the carbon balance of boreal forest ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23:1453-1471. Bonan, G.B. 1993b. Physiological derivation of the obseved relationship between net primary production and mean annual air temperature. Tellus 45B:397-408. B ...
... Bonan, G.B. 1993a. Physiological controls of the carbon balance of boreal forest ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23:1453-1471. Bonan, G.B. 1993b. Physiological derivation of the obseved relationship between net primary production and mean annual air temperature. Tellus 45B:397-408. B ...
Climate, Carbon and Coral Reefs
... Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. Scientific research has unequivocally established that greenhouse gas emissions are leading to increasing changes in the Earth’s climate. In its Fourth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a body c ...
... Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. Scientific research has unequivocally established that greenhouse gas emissions are leading to increasing changes in the Earth’s climate. In its Fourth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a body c ...
1a. global climate change and coral reefs: rising temperatures
... almost all tropical and cold-water corals are likely to decrease by 20–50% by 2050. Under extreme conditions, some species lose their skeletons completely and are transformed into colonial anemone-like animals. Even if such ‘naked’ corals survive, they will not build reefs or provide the services of ...
... almost all tropical and cold-water corals are likely to decrease by 20–50% by 2050. Under extreme conditions, some species lose their skeletons completely and are transformed into colonial anemone-like animals. Even if such ‘naked’ corals survive, they will not build reefs or provide the services of ...
Uncertainties in CMIP5 Climate Projections due to Carbon Cycle
... with the associated uncertainty on the relationship between CO2 emissions and CO2 concentration. A lack of understanding and observations of physical feedbacks reflected in model spread is indeed the main source of uncertainty in long-term climate projections (e.g., Hawkins and Sutton 2009). While t ...
... with the associated uncertainty on the relationship between CO2 emissions and CO2 concentration. A lack of understanding and observations of physical feedbacks reflected in model spread is indeed the main source of uncertainty in long-term climate projections (e.g., Hawkins and Sutton 2009). While t ...
Riedy CAGs-AUS-ED_accepted - OPUS at UTS
... participants a supportive, cohesive environment where trust could flourish, confidence could build and learning was facilitated. CAG members indicated that their individual agency was enhanced by their participation in the group, enabling the development of collective agency and bolstering individua ...
... participants a supportive, cohesive environment where trust could flourish, confidence could build and learning was facilitated. CAG members indicated that their individual agency was enhanced by their participation in the group, enabling the development of collective agency and bolstering individua ...
Full Report - Focus on Energy
... changes over this century are expected to have a major effect on US species, ecosystems, and the services that they provide. Recent temperature rises appear to be already affecting the most climatically sensitive and fastresponding components of Wisconsin landscapes, with observed decreases in the l ...
... changes over this century are expected to have a major effect on US species, ecosystems, and the services that they provide. Recent temperature rises appear to be already affecting the most climatically sensitive and fastresponding components of Wisconsin landscapes, with observed decreases in the l ...
climate change: realities of relocation for alaska native villages
... relocation to evacuation. The community decided on the change because evacuation is something that state and federal agencies can support more easily than relocation, and a strong evacuation plan will keep people safe. To accomplish this, the village of Kivalina is currently utilizing Bureau of I ...
... relocation to evacuation. The community decided on the change because evacuation is something that state and federal agencies can support more easily than relocation, and a strong evacuation plan will keep people safe. To accomplish this, the village of Kivalina is currently utilizing Bureau of I ...
Climate change enhances interannual variability of the Nile river flow
... (that is, between 70 km3 yr−1 and 100 km3 yr−1 ) and more high flow events (that is, greater than 100 km3 yr−1 ) (Fig. 3e). To study the sensitivity of our conclusions to the choice of the climate models, the projected changes in the Nile flow are estimated using different combinations of climate mo ...
... (that is, between 70 km3 yr−1 and 100 km3 yr−1 ) and more high flow events (that is, greater than 100 km3 yr−1 ) (Fig. 3e). To study the sensitivity of our conclusions to the choice of the climate models, the projected changes in the Nile flow are estimated using different combinations of climate mo ...
an australian policy framework - Garnaut Climate Change Review
... adversely interact with the objectives of successful mitigation and adaptation and, most immediately, the introduction of an emissions trading scheme. Reviews should cover federal and state taxes and subsidies, procurement policies, industry assistance programs, product and technology standards, acc ...
... adversely interact with the objectives of successful mitigation and adaptation and, most immediately, the introduction of an emissions trading scheme. Reviews should cover federal and state taxes and subsidies, procurement policies, industry assistance programs, product and technology standards, acc ...
Climate change response strategies for agriculture: Challenges and opportunities for the 21st century
... world’s poor are particularly vulnerable, especially those located in lowincome, food importing countries, where a large share of income is already devoted to purchasing basic food staples. Even if the current food security crisis has to some extent receded and prices have come down from recent peak ...
... world’s poor are particularly vulnerable, especially those located in lowincome, food importing countries, where a large share of income is already devoted to purchasing basic food staples. Even if the current food security crisis has to some extent receded and prices have come down from recent peak ...
In Search of Shelter - Center for International Earth Science
... migration may be prevented through the implementation of adaptation measures. However, poorer countries are underequipped to support widespread adaptation. As a result, societies affected by climate change may find themselves locked into a downward spiral of ecological degradation, towards the botto ...
... migration may be prevented through the implementation of adaptation measures. However, poorer countries are underequipped to support widespread adaptation. As a result, societies affected by climate change may find themselves locked into a downward spiral of ecological degradation, towards the botto ...
Long-term Temperature Trends at Four Largest Cities of India during
... and regional climate. A study by Jones et al., (1990) on urbanization and related temperature variation indicates that the impact of urbanization on the mean surface temperature would be no more than 0.05 °C per 100 years. On the other hand a study by Fujibe (1995) reports a rising trend of 2-5 °C p ...
... and regional climate. A study by Jones et al., (1990) on urbanization and related temperature variation indicates that the impact of urbanization on the mean surface temperature would be no more than 0.05 °C per 100 years. On the other hand a study by Fujibe (1995) reports a rising trend of 2-5 °C p ...
International Perspectives on Disaster Management and
... Raise awareness of existing misdirected development practices that may actually increase disaster risks ...
... Raise awareness of existing misdirected development practices that may actually increase disaster risks ...
Institutional Arrangements for Adaptation Fund: World Bank
... • Climate change impacts on developing countries are expected to increase regardless of mitigation efforts • Demand for infrastructure and agricultural/water investments that further need to adapt to climate • Adaptation links global environment issues with local development paths • Development inve ...
... • Climate change impacts on developing countries are expected to increase regardless of mitigation efforts • Demand for infrastructure and agricultural/water investments that further need to adapt to climate • Adaptation links global environment issues with local development paths • Development inve ...
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the International Climate Change Policy Agenda
... responsibilities”, the Convention places the heaviest burden for fighting climate change on industrialized nations.9 Article 3.1 of the Convention states that “developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof.”10 Parties to the Convention agr ...
... responsibilities”, the Convention places the heaviest burden for fighting climate change on industrialized nations.9 Article 3.1 of the Convention states that “developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof.”10 Parties to the Convention agr ...
ADAPTool - International Institute for Sustainable Development
... with respect to commercial fisheries and seafood. It also represents the interests of the province in areas of federal and international jurisdiction so that the industry can achieve maximum economic returns in a sustainable manner. The Province of B.C. has very limited jurisdiction for fisheries ma ...
... with respect to commercial fisheries and seafood. It also represents the interests of the province in areas of federal and international jurisdiction so that the industry can achieve maximum economic returns in a sustainable manner. The Province of B.C. has very limited jurisdiction for fisheries ma ...
Make YorkU a Climate Leader: The Case for Fossil Fuel Divestment
... The science is clear: greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, primarily from the use of fossil fuels, are warming the planet. The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the world’s leading authority on climate change, states with 95100% certainty th ...
... The science is clear: greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, primarily from the use of fossil fuels, are warming the planet. The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the world’s leading authority on climate change, states with 95100% certainty th ...
India - Met Office
... The assessment of impacts at the national level, both for the AVOID programme results and the cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particu ...
... The assessment of impacts at the national level, both for the AVOID programme results and the cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particu ...
Research Article Arctic Ocean Gas Hydrate Stability in a Changing Climate
... 3.4. Geothermal Gradients. The Arctic region lacks geothermal gradient data because of the difficulty to acquire data. So, we consider the following geothermal gradients: 30 and 40∘ C/km, considering different studies [41, 42]. As suggested by different authors [43, 44], the geothermal gradients can ...
... 3.4. Geothermal Gradients. The Arctic region lacks geothermal gradient data because of the difficulty to acquire data. So, we consider the following geothermal gradients: 30 and 40∘ C/km, considering different studies [41, 42]. As suggested by different authors [43, 44], the geothermal gradients can ...
Donner Webbe Kiribati KAP 2013
... models led to estimates of up to 2 m sea-level rise by 2100. The recent Fifth IPCC Assessment (‘‘AR5’’) reported a likely range of 0.52–0.98 m sea-level rise by 2100 in the RCP8.5 scenario (Church et al. 2013), the scenario which most closely matches the current greenhouse gas emissions trajectory. ...
... models led to estimates of up to 2 m sea-level rise by 2100. The recent Fifth IPCC Assessment (‘‘AR5’’) reported a likely range of 0.52–0.98 m sea-level rise by 2100 in the RCP8.5 scenario (Church et al. 2013), the scenario which most closely matches the current greenhouse gas emissions trajectory. ...
Adapting for climate change - City of Sydney
... to explain climate change adaptation… We first need to understand climate science, and the changes to our climate that have already been experienced and those projected in the near-, mid and long-term future. We then need to understand what this means for the city and what are the likely impacts fro ...
... to explain climate change adaptation… We first need to understand climate science, and the changes to our climate that have already been experienced and those projected in the near-, mid and long-term future. We then need to understand what this means for the city and what are the likely impacts fro ...
Wildlife in a changing climate - Food and Agriculture Organization of
... animals on the globe are estimated to be at an increasingly high risk of extinction as temperatures increase by 2–3 °C above pre-industrial levels. The estimates for tropical forests exceed these global averages. It is very likely that even modest losses in biodiversity would cause consequential cha ...
... animals on the globe are estimated to be at an increasingly high risk of extinction as temperatures increase by 2–3 °C above pre-industrial levels. The estimates for tropical forests exceed these global averages. It is very likely that even modest losses in biodiversity would cause consequential cha ...
Water-based Adhesives for Flexible Packaging
... impact of air emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Increased GHGs in the troposphere result in warming of the earth’s surface. The impact of greenhouse gas emissions – such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) – is assessed over a fixed time period of 100 years. ...
... impact of air emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Increased GHGs in the troposphere result in warming of the earth’s surface. The impact of greenhouse gas emissions – such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) – is assessed over a fixed time period of 100 years. ...
The Vulnerability of the Carbon Cycle in the 21st Century
... Although these pioneering model simulations represent a large step forward in scientists’ ability to elucidate the interactions of the physical climate system with the global carbon cycle, they are also subject to important limitations. In both models, key processes are highly parameterized and poor ...
... Although these pioneering model simulations represent a large step forward in scientists’ ability to elucidate the interactions of the physical climate system with the global carbon cycle, they are also subject to important limitations. In both models, key processes are highly parameterized and poor ...
2.0 Climate Change: Scenarios for the Indian Ocean Territories
... The IOT are home to distinctive ecosystems and a number of endemic species that are considered to be vulnerable to climate change. Terrestrial forests in particular, are highly sensitive to increases in temperature and humidity, and any changes in evapo-transpiration would affect soil moisture, fore ...
... The IOT are home to distinctive ecosystems and a number of endemic species that are considered to be vulnerable to climate change. Terrestrial forests in particular, are highly sensitive to increases in temperature and humidity, and any changes in evapo-transpiration would affect soil moisture, fore ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).