PDF - International Journal of Advanced Research
... world. Similar to this, another problem is also found prevalent in South American countries, for instance Colombia and Brazil, where B. suis biovar 1 is found in cattle 21. In some other areas of the world, pigs are more frequent cause of human infection as compared to cattle. However, the true prev ...
... world. Similar to this, another problem is also found prevalent in South American countries, for instance Colombia and Brazil, where B. suis biovar 1 is found in cattle 21. In some other areas of the world, pigs are more frequent cause of human infection as compared to cattle. However, the true prev ...
DOC - Europa.eu
... The Commission's November 2011 Action Plan2 to prevent the further spread of antimicrobial resistance sets out seven key areas where measures are most necessary: 1) making sure antimicrobials are used appropriately both in humans and animals; 2) preventing microbial infections and their spread; 3) d ...
... The Commission's November 2011 Action Plan2 to prevent the further spread of antimicrobial resistance sets out seven key areas where measures are most necessary: 1) making sure antimicrobials are used appropriately both in humans and animals; 2) preventing microbial infections and their spread; 3) d ...
Ross River Virus and Barmah Forest Virus in WA
... Fever, nausea and skin rash usually disappear within the first two weeks of illness. Joint, muscle and tendon pain may last much longer and can be distressing. Often people experience severe tiredness (lethargy) and they may feel depressed. Symptoms subside eventually and leave few or no after-effec ...
... Fever, nausea and skin rash usually disappear within the first two weeks of illness. Joint, muscle and tendon pain may last much longer and can be distressing. Often people experience severe tiredness (lethargy) and they may feel depressed. Symptoms subside eventually and leave few or no after-effec ...
Role of Novel Interleukin-12 Family Members in Intracellular
... Role of Novel Interleukin-12 Family Members in Intracellular Infection Models ...
... Role of Novel Interleukin-12 Family Members in Intracellular Infection Models ...
Newcastle disease virus
... other members of paramyxoviruses. Mumps may develop HI antibodies to NDV. ...
... other members of paramyxoviruses. Mumps may develop HI antibodies to NDV. ...
Incidence and risk factors of Mycoplasma synoviae infection in
... Mycoplasma synoviae infection but this problem is worse in the greater sizes of flocks. For this reason, lower incidence observed in flocks has a size up to 30,000 birds in each farm. Serological investigation showed the highest infection rate (57%) in large scale flocks (>40,000 birds) in compariso ...
... Mycoplasma synoviae infection but this problem is worse in the greater sizes of flocks. For this reason, lower incidence observed in flocks has a size up to 30,000 birds in each farm. Serological investigation showed the highest infection rate (57%) in large scale flocks (>40,000 birds) in compariso ...
Chapter 5: Zoonotic and Vector
... Chapter Outline I. Introduction II. Terminology Used in the Context of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases III. Examples of Vector-Borne Diseases IV. Arthropod-Borne Viral Diseases (Arboviral Diseases) ...
... Chapter Outline I. Introduction II. Terminology Used in the Context of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases III. Examples of Vector-Borne Diseases IV. Arthropod-Borne Viral Diseases (Arboviral Diseases) ...
Module 1: Overview: Tuberculosis, the Global
... Drug resistance in tuberculosis Based on survey data analysis, WHO estimates that there are almost half a million new cases of MDR-TB a year ‒ which is about 5% of the nine million new TB cases of all types. Drug resistance among new cases Resistance among new cases is defined as the presence of res ...
... Drug resistance in tuberculosis Based on survey data analysis, WHO estimates that there are almost half a million new cases of MDR-TB a year ‒ which is about 5% of the nine million new TB cases of all types. Drug resistance among new cases Resistance among new cases is defined as the presence of res ...
An optimized DNA extraction and multiplex PCR for the
... the presence of Fasciola hepatica in Galba truncatula its main intermediate host in Western Europe. In the present study two DNA extraction techniques are compared and a new multiplex PCR is described. The Chelex® DNA extraction technique showed to be more appropriate than the classical Phenol/Chlor ...
... the presence of Fasciola hepatica in Galba truncatula its main intermediate host in Western Europe. In the present study two DNA extraction techniques are compared and a new multiplex PCR is described. The Chelex® DNA extraction technique showed to be more appropriate than the classical Phenol/Chlor ...
NAME OF DISEASE HEALTH ALERT
... Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. Human infection causes acute febrile illness and can affect many organ systems, depending on how it is acquired. It is a highly transmissible zoonosis, which mainly infects ruminant mammals, including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and camels. Hu ...
... Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. Human infection causes acute febrile illness and can affect many organ systems, depending on how it is acquired. It is a highly transmissible zoonosis, which mainly infects ruminant mammals, including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and camels. Hu ...
Risk factors for infection by T. cruzi.
... autonomic responses in T. cruzi-infected children compared with their matched controls. Ours are the first such data for children with chronic T. cruzi infection, but similar findings have been reported in infected adults.13–15,31 Because the absolute differences in performance on the autonomic test ...
... autonomic responses in T. cruzi-infected children compared with their matched controls. Ours are the first such data for children with chronic T. cruzi infection, but similar findings have been reported in infected adults.13–15,31 Because the absolute differences in performance on the autonomic test ...
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Information for Health Care Providers
... HCV is a small single-stranded RNA virus in the flavivirus family. What are signs and symptoms of HCV? • 80 percent of patients are asymptomatic. • Symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, jaundice, or dark urine. • Jaundice occurs in 25 percent of patients; liver functi ...
... HCV is a small single-stranded RNA virus in the flavivirus family. What are signs and symptoms of HCV? • 80 percent of patients are asymptomatic. • Symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, jaundice, or dark urine. • Jaundice occurs in 25 percent of patients; liver functi ...
Clinical Signs of Experimental Trypanosoma
... of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of Isometamidium chloride (standard trypanocide) and Buparvaquone (anti-theilerial drug) treatments on the clinical signs of T. evansi infection in donkeys as part of study on the efficacies of the drugs against T. evansi infection. Twenty four ...
... of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of Isometamidium chloride (standard trypanocide) and Buparvaquone (anti-theilerial drug) treatments on the clinical signs of T. evansi infection in donkeys as part of study on the efficacies of the drugs against T. evansi infection. Twenty four ...
Student Version Chapter 5 Preventing infection
... Define the following terms: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) a government agency under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that issues information to protect the health of individuals and communities. Isolate to keep something separate, or by itself. Standard Precaution ...
... Define the following terms: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) a government agency under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that issues information to protect the health of individuals and communities. Isolate to keep something separate, or by itself. Standard Precaution ...
Veterinary Student Internship Program (VSIP)
... the affected animal which were likely exposed to contaminated feed prior to weaning are tracked down and destroyed. It is unknown whether adult cattle are susceptible to per oral infection with BSE and if so whether the distribution of infectious prion is similar to that in cattle infected as calves ...
... the affected animal which were likely exposed to contaminated feed prior to weaning are tracked down and destroyed. It is unknown whether adult cattle are susceptible to per oral infection with BSE and if so whether the distribution of infectious prion is similar to that in cattle infected as calves ...
Management of human contacts of cases of leptospirosis in animals
... In developing countries, leptospirosis is typically an occupational disease associated with sugarcane workers, farmers and military troops exposed to soil and water contaminated by the urine of infected wild or domestic animals. In developed countries, other occupational groups may acquire disease b ...
... In developing countries, leptospirosis is typically an occupational disease associated with sugarcane workers, farmers and military troops exposed to soil and water contaminated by the urine of infected wild or domestic animals. In developed countries, other occupational groups may acquire disease b ...
Supplementary Material (ppt 10099K)
... were used for infection. Transcription factor reporter lines were used and different bacterial concentrations were used. From top to bottom the different infection conditions are represented, ranging from OD600=0.5 [D, E, F] up to OD600=50 [S, T, U], all compared to control conditions by ingestion o ...
... were used for infection. Transcription factor reporter lines were used and different bacterial concentrations were used. From top to bottom the different infection conditions are represented, ranging from OD600=0.5 [D, E, F] up to OD600=50 [S, T, U], all compared to control conditions by ingestion o ...
Cyclospora cayetanensis Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan
... Growth and survival characteristics C. cayetanensis can only multiply within the host. Factors that influence the survival of unsporulated and sporulated oocysts in the environment are poorly understood. Available data suggests that the viability of unsporulated oocysts is maintained for up to two m ...
... Growth and survival characteristics C. cayetanensis can only multiply within the host. Factors that influence the survival of unsporulated and sporulated oocysts in the environment are poorly understood. Available data suggests that the viability of unsporulated oocysts is maintained for up to two m ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.