Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV)
... virus and, following a period of stress in later life, may go on to develop clinical disease. These cats are a potential risk to other cats. ...
... virus and, following a period of stress in later life, may go on to develop clinical disease. These cats are a potential risk to other cats. ...
First report of Cytauxzoon sp. infection in a domestic cat from Portugal
... be done with a more sensitive and specific method, like the PCR, even though it cannot be used to differentiate between acute and chronic cytauxzoonosis. Nevertheless, due to the extremely rapid course of illness associated with this disease, usually with no specific physical findings, a diagnosis i ...
... be done with a more sensitive and specific method, like the PCR, even though it cannot be used to differentiate between acute and chronic cytauxzoonosis. Nevertheless, due to the extremely rapid course of illness associated with this disease, usually with no specific physical findings, a diagnosis i ...
Infectious Disease Models 4
... Recall: Another Useful View of this Flow • Recall: Total # of susceptibles infected per unit time = # of Susceptibles * “Likelihood” a given susceptible will be infected per unit time = S*(“Force of Infection”) = S(c(I/N)) • The above can also be phrased as the following:S(c(I/N))=I(c(S/N))=# of ...
... Recall: Another Useful View of this Flow • Recall: Total # of susceptibles infected per unit time = # of Susceptibles * “Likelihood” a given susceptible will be infected per unit time = S*(“Force of Infection”) = S(c(I/N)) • The above can also be phrased as the following:S(c(I/N))=I(c(S/N))=# of ...
Lecture4
... available the healthy animal will have a full belly. Pigs will naturally rush at their feed, if they do not something is wrong. Sheep, goats, cattle, buffalo and camels chew the cud (ruminate) for 6 to 8 hours each day. It is a sign of ill health when these animals stop ruminating. ...
... available the healthy animal will have a full belly. Pigs will naturally rush at their feed, if they do not something is wrong. Sheep, goats, cattle, buffalo and camels chew the cud (ruminate) for 6 to 8 hours each day. It is a sign of ill health when these animals stop ruminating. ...
PDF - Prairie Swine Centre
... et al., 2003b). Viraemia can be of short duration without leading to the development of antibody (Garland, 1974; Gibbs et al., 1975; Donaldson and Kitching, 1989). Where animals were killed during the incubation period, the presence of virus in more tissues than earlier in the incubation period was ...
... et al., 2003b). Viraemia can be of short duration without leading to the development of antibody (Garland, 1974; Gibbs et al., 1975; Donaldson and Kitching, 1989). Where animals were killed during the incubation period, the presence of virus in more tissues than earlier in the incubation period was ...
Fleas
... Parasites are animals that benefit at the expense of another organism (called the host), usually of a different species. The association may also lead to the injury of the host. ...
... Parasites are animals that benefit at the expense of another organism (called the host), usually of a different species. The association may also lead to the injury of the host. ...
Case 3 - Garland Science
... long, with a single unsheathed polar flagellum. Its genome has been sequenced. Several species of Campylobacter exist, two of which cause the majority of human disease: C. jejuni and C. coli (Table 1). Recent taxonomic studies on the genus have reassigned some campylobacters to two new genera: Arcob ...
... long, with a single unsheathed polar flagellum. Its genome has been sequenced. Several species of Campylobacter exist, two of which cause the majority of human disease: C. jejuni and C. coli (Table 1). Recent taxonomic studies on the genus have reassigned some campylobacters to two new genera: Arcob ...
Click to edit Master title style Hepatitis B Click to edit Master title style
... Estimated 1.2 million people with chronic HBV infection Estimated 3,000 persons in the United States die from HBV-related illness per year. Approximately 2,000–4,000 people die every year Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com ...
... Estimated 1.2 million people with chronic HBV infection Estimated 3,000 persons in the United States die from HBV-related illness per year. Approximately 2,000–4,000 people die every year Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com ...
The Judicious Use of Medically Important Antimicrobial Drugs in
... Guidance 209 and its blueprint for implementation, Guidance 213, by exploiting ambiguity on the issue of disease prevention. On April 11, 2012, for example, FDA Week paraphrased Richard Carnevale, a vice president at the Animal Health Institute (AHI), the trade association representing animal drug m ...
... Guidance 209 and its blueprint for implementation, Guidance 213, by exploiting ambiguity on the issue of disease prevention. On April 11, 2012, for example, FDA Week paraphrased Richard Carnevale, a vice president at the Animal Health Institute (AHI), the trade association representing animal drug m ...
Review of Hantavirus Infection in Hong Kong (November 2010)
... Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome has been described prior to World War II in Manchuria along the Amur River2, in Russia and Sweden in 1930s3. Between 1950 and 1953, large human outbreaks have been reported when 3000 US soldiers were stricken with the disease during the Korean War 1-3 and the f ...
... Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome has been described prior to World War II in Manchuria along the Amur River2, in Russia and Sweden in 1930s3. Between 1950 and 1953, large human outbreaks have been reported when 3000 US soldiers were stricken with the disease during the Korean War 1-3 and the f ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.