American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP) Position on the
... In 2014, the U.S. poultry industry, in collaboration with the USDA National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, began collecting on-farm bacteria samples to monitor antimicrobial resistance. Participating farms represent 60% of the U.S. commercial chicken industry and 70% of the commercial t ...
... In 2014, the U.S. poultry industry, in collaboration with the USDA National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, began collecting on-farm bacteria samples to monitor antimicrobial resistance. Participating farms represent 60% of the U.S. commercial chicken industry and 70% of the commercial t ...
course code: vcm 501
... CLINICAL SIGNS: Mortality rates during outbreaks are usually extremely high, approaching 100% in immunologically naive populations. Initial symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, and nasal and eye discharges. Subsequently, irregular erosions appear in the mouth, the lining of the nose and the gen ...
... CLINICAL SIGNS: Mortality rates during outbreaks are usually extremely high, approaching 100% in immunologically naive populations. Initial symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, and nasal and eye discharges. Subsequently, irregular erosions appear in the mouth, the lining of the nose and the gen ...
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
... MRSA skin infections in an animal may require surgical removal of the infected tissue, along with keeping the wound covered and clean. If an antibiotic is used in the treatment, it will be prescribed according to the culture and sensitivity results from the bacteriology lab. If you are treating a MR ...
... MRSA skin infections in an animal may require surgical removal of the infected tissue, along with keeping the wound covered and clean. If an antibiotic is used in the treatment, it will be prescribed according to the culture and sensitivity results from the bacteriology lab. If you are treating a MR ...
Toxoplasma gondii - Food Standards Australia New Zealand
... population structure of T. gondii is comprised of three highly abundant and overrepresented genetic lineages, commonly referred to as genotypes I, II and III, amongst a diverse array of related genotypes (Su et al. 2012). The three clonal lineages are very closely related but the small genetic diffe ...
... population structure of T. gondii is comprised of three highly abundant and overrepresented genetic lineages, commonly referred to as genotypes I, II and III, amongst a diverse array of related genotypes (Su et al. 2012). The three clonal lineages are very closely related but the small genetic diffe ...
2006 multi-state occurrence of eva - National Institute for Animal
... hampered efforts to define more accurately the extent of spread of the infection in certain states. The situation was further complicated by the fact that in some states, owners were not required to share test results for EAV infection on their animals with federal or state animal health authorities ...
... hampered efforts to define more accurately the extent of spread of the infection in certain states. The situation was further complicated by the fact that in some states, owners were not required to share test results for EAV infection on their animals with federal or state animal health authorities ...
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease
... complications exceeds $2 billion annually. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the most common infectious diseases in the United States today, affecting more than 13 million men and women annually. Among the more than 20 STDs that have now been identified, chlamydia is the most frequently ...
... complications exceeds $2 billion annually. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the most common infectious diseases in the United States today, affecting more than 13 million men and women annually. Among the more than 20 STDs that have now been identified, chlamydia is the most frequently ...
Pigs and Determination of Infectious Dose Transmission from Male
... a micropipette tip approximately 3 cm into the vagina so the suspension was deposited against the cervix. Male guinea pigs were anesthetized with methoxyflurane, and 25 l of a GPIC suspension containing 107 inclusion-forming units (IFU) of GPIC was placed on the tip of the urethra with the external ...
... a micropipette tip approximately 3 cm into the vagina so the suspension was deposited against the cervix. Male guinea pigs were anesthetized with methoxyflurane, and 25 l of a GPIC suspension containing 107 inclusion-forming units (IFU) of GPIC was placed on the tip of the urethra with the external ...
Cervical Lymphadenopathy and Adenitis
... may present as cervical lymphadenopathy and fatique, usually without fever, and is more likely to occur in school-aged children and adolescents. Adenopathy may be localized or generalized, tender or nontender, and may persist for many months. This disease usually is benign and self-limited and shoul ...
... may present as cervical lymphadenopathy and fatique, usually without fever, and is more likely to occur in school-aged children and adolescents. Adenopathy may be localized or generalized, tender or nontender, and may persist for many months. This disease usually is benign and self-limited and shoul ...
Parvovirus B19 Infection in a Patient with Sickle Cell
... DNA.12 Extensive bone marrow necrosis has been reported in sickle cell patients who present with aplastic and pain crisis after acute B19 infection. The cell death is presumed to be secondary to hypoxemia during the systemic viral infection.13,14 In contrast to patients with such immunodeficiencies ...
... DNA.12 Extensive bone marrow necrosis has been reported in sickle cell patients who present with aplastic and pain crisis after acute B19 infection. The cell death is presumed to be secondary to hypoxemia during the systemic viral infection.13,14 In contrast to patients with such immunodeficiencies ...
Methods used to control the spread of infection
... Applies to all occupational exposure of blood or other potentially infectious material. Blood = human blood, blood components, blood products Bloodborne pathogens = disease causing organisms in blood (Hep. B, Hep. C, HIV) ...
... Applies to all occupational exposure of blood or other potentially infectious material. Blood = human blood, blood components, blood products Bloodborne pathogens = disease causing organisms in blood (Hep. B, Hep. C, HIV) ...
30 - United States Animal Health Association
... Ordinance (PMO) was modified in 1997 to require annual whole herd brucellosis and tuberculosis testing. A resolution from the United States Animal Health Association (USAHA) in 1998 requested a delay in the 1999 implementation of these requirements. A policy letter from the American Association of S ...
... Ordinance (PMO) was modified in 1997 to require annual whole herd brucellosis and tuberculosis testing. A resolution from the United States Animal Health Association (USAHA) in 1998 requested a delay in the 1999 implementation of these requirements. A policy letter from the American Association of S ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.