FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Potential Biological Agent
... Francisella tularensis is a small, nonmotile, aerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus capable of surviving for weeks at low temperatures in water, moist soil, hay, straw, or decaying animal carcasses. F. tularensis is the causative of the zoonotic disease tularemia. F. tularensis is one of the most inf ...
... Francisella tularensis is a small, nonmotile, aerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus capable of surviving for weeks at low temperatures in water, moist soil, hay, straw, or decaying animal carcasses. F. tularensis is the causative of the zoonotic disease tularemia. F. tularensis is one of the most inf ...
Pedersen NC. An update on feline infectious peritonitis: Diagnostics
... infection was conquered in less than two decades and the mysteries of feline immunodeficiency virus were largely unraveled in several years. After a half century, FIP remains one of the last important infections of cats for which we have no single diagnostic test, no vaccine and no definitive explan ...
... infection was conquered in less than two decades and the mysteries of feline immunodeficiency virus were largely unraveled in several years. After a half century, FIP remains one of the last important infections of cats for which we have no single diagnostic test, no vaccine and no definitive explan ...
Prions (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
... All cases in zoo animals were attributed to ingestion of infective material derived from bovine BSE cases, as were two cases in domestic goats (Spiropoulos et al. 2011). A number of domestic cats developed TSE concurrently with the bovine BSE epidemic, and these cases were attributed to consumption ...
... All cases in zoo animals were attributed to ingestion of infective material derived from bovine BSE cases, as were two cases in domestic goats (Spiropoulos et al. 2011). A number of domestic cats developed TSE concurrently with the bovine BSE epidemic, and these cases were attributed to consumption ...
Lec.9 Intestinal sporozoa
... to each other within an oocyst , with apical complex and are released only after partial digestion of the oocyst. 3-Trophozoite : It is the intracellular transitional form of the parasite. It is round or oval and measures 2 to 2.5 μ m in diameter. Each trophozoite consists of a large nucleus (1 to ...
... to each other within an oocyst , with apical complex and are released only after partial digestion of the oocyst. 3-Trophozoite : It is the intracellular transitional form of the parasite. It is round or oval and measures 2 to 2.5 μ m in diameter. Each trophozoite consists of a large nucleus (1 to ...
The Vietnam Initiative on Zoonotic Infections (VIZIONS): A Strategic
... populations can be potentially catastrophic, and large-scale investigations of such diseases are highly challenging. The monitoring of emergence events is subject to ascertainment bias, whether at the level of species discovery, emerging disease events, or disease outbreaks in human populations. Dis ...
... populations can be potentially catastrophic, and large-scale investigations of such diseases are highly challenging. The monitoring of emergence events is subject to ascertainment bias, whether at the level of species discovery, emerging disease events, or disease outbreaks in human populations. Dis ...
Management Risk Assessment
... infected with Johne’s disease, it is estimated that eight out of 100 U.S. herds may be infected with this devastating disease. Johne’s is a slow, progressive, contagious and untreatable bacterial disease that ordinarily infects calves but does not show clinical signs until animals are three or more ...
... infected with Johne’s disease, it is estimated that eight out of 100 U.S. herds may be infected with this devastating disease. Johne’s is a slow, progressive, contagious and untreatable bacterial disease that ordinarily infects calves but does not show clinical signs until animals are three or more ...
671 NEW METHODS OF INVESTIGATION IN TOXOPLASMOSIS
... Other animals, including humans, are intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii. These hosts can become infected but do not produce oocysts. Oocysts passed in a cat’s feces are not immediately infectious to other animals. They must first go through a process called sporulation, which takes one to five ...
... Other animals, including humans, are intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii. These hosts can become infected but do not produce oocysts. Oocysts passed in a cat’s feces are not immediately infectious to other animals. They must first go through a process called sporulation, which takes one to five ...
Parasites
... approximately 3 months after entering host – eggs pass out through feces and must land in water to hatch – larva must attach to a snail to complete life cycle – larva then encyst on water plants eaten by livestock – young flukes pass to small intestine, where they burrow holes throughout the abdomin ...
... approximately 3 months after entering host – eggs pass out through feces and must land in water to hatch – larva must attach to a snail to complete life cycle – larva then encyst on water plants eaten by livestock – young flukes pass to small intestine, where they burrow holes throughout the abdomin ...
Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens
... contaminated food and water or through sexual intercourse, but these routes are not covered in this guide. A tattooist sterilises needles to remove infectious microorganisms that might be present in blood, eg HIV, hepatitis B or C. ...
... contaminated food and water or through sexual intercourse, but these routes are not covered in this guide. A tattooist sterilises needles to remove infectious microorganisms that might be present in blood, eg HIV, hepatitis B or C. ...
Do We Really Need to Worry About Listeria in Newborn Infants?
... As with other serious bacterial infections, early identification and initiation of therapy in pregnant women can be expected to result in a more favorable neonatal outcome. There are no randomized controlled trials that address the type and duration of antibiotic therapy. Susceptibility to ampicilli ...
... As with other serious bacterial infections, early identification and initiation of therapy in pregnant women can be expected to result in a more favorable neonatal outcome. There are no randomized controlled trials that address the type and duration of antibiotic therapy. Susceptibility to ampicilli ...
USDA TRACEABILITY FOR LIVESTOCK MOVING INTERSTATE by
... When Sheep and Goats Must Be Officially ID’d: Under this proposed rule, sheep and goats moving interstate would have to be officially identified prior to the interstate movement unless they are exempted under the Scrapie regulations in 9CFR79 from official identification requirements or are official ...
... When Sheep and Goats Must Be Officially ID’d: Under this proposed rule, sheep and goats moving interstate would have to be officially identified prior to the interstate movement unless they are exempted under the Scrapie regulations in 9CFR79 from official identification requirements or are official ...
General characteristics: Intestinal parasites amoeba of man
... Occasionally in liver causes liver abscess. Occasionally in lungs causes lungs abscess. Cyst: in intestinal lumen. No cyst is found in abscess. Note : trophozoites and cysts are found in stool liquid fresh from a carrier, especially stool that contains blood and mucus ...
... Occasionally in liver causes liver abscess. Occasionally in lungs causes lungs abscess. Cyst: in intestinal lumen. No cyst is found in abscess. Note : trophozoites and cysts are found in stool liquid fresh from a carrier, especially stool that contains blood and mucus ...
Mokola Virus Antibodies in Humans, Dogs, Cats, Cattle, Sheep, and
... by Bobade et al.6 Such manifestations also could have been as a result of infection with other rabies-related viruses. In this present work, none of the humans sampled was positive for Mokola virus antibodies. However, the possibility of a few isolated cases of Mokola virus infection in man can not ...
... by Bobade et al.6 Such manifestations also could have been as a result of infection with other rabies-related viruses. In this present work, none of the humans sampled was positive for Mokola virus antibodies. However, the possibility of a few isolated cases of Mokola virus infection in man can not ...
1
... of brucellosis. It is pertinent that for eradication of brucellosis, quick diagnoses with more specific and sensitive tests are adopted. It is advisable that buffaloes must be tested for brucellosis before slaughter and would help better export and will prevent the transmission to human beings. The ...
... of brucellosis. It is pertinent that for eradication of brucellosis, quick diagnoses with more specific and sensitive tests are adopted. It is advisable that buffaloes must be tested for brucellosis before slaughter and would help better export and will prevent the transmission to human beings. The ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.