![prevelence and control measures of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/004492848_1-f63749ffd4b23b9606e16f2c0bfa8c24-300x300.png)
prevelence and control measures of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
... reproduction disorders (Veselinovič et al., 1992; Oirschot et al., 1993; Kaashoek et al., 1996). Adult animals mostly suffer from subclinical forms of this disease, genital pathology or sterility in cows and heifers (Weiblen et al., 1992; Oirschot et al., 1993). For this reason, this disease also is ...
... reproduction disorders (Veselinovič et al., 1992; Oirschot et al., 1993; Kaashoek et al., 1996). Adult animals mostly suffer from subclinical forms of this disease, genital pathology or sterility in cows and heifers (Weiblen et al., 1992; Oirschot et al., 1993). For this reason, this disease also is ...
Countering Common Fungi - The Deep South District of the
... As soon as you find evidence of fungi, remove infected leaves and canes from your rose bushes. Clean cutters after pruning infected plants using a 10% solution of household bleach or a 70% alcohol solution. Don’t put infected debris in your compost pile. Always destroy or dispose of infected materia ...
... As soon as you find evidence of fungi, remove infected leaves and canes from your rose bushes. Clean cutters after pruning infected plants using a 10% solution of household bleach or a 70% alcohol solution. Don’t put infected debris in your compost pile. Always destroy or dispose of infected materia ...
Monitoring for Diseases in Wildlife Populations
... manifestations or lesions may be caused by many different types of pathogens and their occurrence in wildlife can be extremely difficult to detect. Furthermore, wild animals normally do not show any clinical signs when observed, and thus apparently healthy individuals may be carriers of various path ...
... manifestations or lesions may be caused by many different types of pathogens and their occurrence in wildlife can be extremely difficult to detect. Furthermore, wild animals normally do not show any clinical signs when observed, and thus apparently healthy individuals may be carriers of various path ...
Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection Presenting as an Acute Febrile
... skin rash. Thrombocytopenia was the result of bone marrow suppression rather than of immune-mediated peripheral consumption seen in acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or from disseminated intravascular coagulation [7]. The diagnosis of exanthema subitum is usually clinical. In atypical cases, ...
... skin rash. Thrombocytopenia was the result of bone marrow suppression rather than of immune-mediated peripheral consumption seen in acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or from disseminated intravascular coagulation [7]. The diagnosis of exanthema subitum is usually clinical. In atypical cases, ...
Schistosomiasis Neena Davisson March 15, 2012
... mortality in the developing world • > 200 million people are ...
... mortality in the developing world • > 200 million people are ...
compendium of veterinary standard precautions
... conjunctivae, nasal or oral mucosa. Certain pathogens may remain infective over longer distances (4, 30). However, defining the infective distance is difficult because it depends on particle size, the nature of the pathogen, and environmental factors (30). Although data are not available to define s ...
... conjunctivae, nasal or oral mucosa. Certain pathogens may remain infective over longer distances (4, 30). However, defining the infective distance is difficult because it depends on particle size, the nature of the pathogen, and environmental factors (30). Although data are not available to define s ...
wildlife infectious disease control in europe
... rabies, since no human death due to rabies has been mourned in Western Europe for more than half a century…” This highlights the point that the need to control infectious diseases in wildlife, is based on what is considered important or not… Obviously, determining what is important is not solely a s ...
... rabies, since no human death due to rabies has been mourned in Western Europe for more than half a century…” This highlights the point that the need to control infectious diseases in wildlife, is based on what is considered important or not… Obviously, determining what is important is not solely a s ...
Common diseases and conditions of pet rabbits
... This booklet is designed to assist veterinary surgeons and veterinary nurses in describing common disease conditions to rabbit owners and others involved in rabbit husbandry, by presenting clear images, diagrams and brief descriptions of normal rabbit anatomy and appearance alongside those of rabbit ...
... This booklet is designed to assist veterinary surgeons and veterinary nurses in describing common disease conditions to rabbit owners and others involved in rabbit husbandry, by presenting clear images, diagrams and brief descriptions of normal rabbit anatomy and appearance alongside those of rabbit ...
pathogens in animal wastes and the impacts of waste management
... Braenderup isolates were pansusceptible to tested antimicrobials but only 51% of Typhimurium isolates were pansusceptible (NARMS, 2000). In addition, host factors play a significant role in the probability of infection with a resistant strain. For example, prior or concurrent antimicrobial usage is ...
... Braenderup isolates were pansusceptible to tested antimicrobials but only 51% of Typhimurium isolates were pansusceptible (NARMS, 2000). In addition, host factors play a significant role in the probability of infection with a resistant strain. For example, prior or concurrent antimicrobial usage is ...
Common disease conditions diagnosed in smallholder and
... Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity should be considered if pigs are anaemic, non-pyrexic and weak, sometimes with haemorrhages and pigs may be poisoned by eating poisoned rats as well as through direct access to rodenticide. Various plants poisonings have been identified including bracken (acute hea ...
... Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity should be considered if pigs are anaemic, non-pyrexic and weak, sometimes with haemorrhages and pigs may be poisoned by eating poisoned rats as well as through direct access to rodenticide. Various plants poisonings have been identified including bracken (acute hea ...
Footrot in Sheep and Goats - Purdue Extension
... on their flanks, brisket, and knees. These conditions result in production losses, treatment and prevention costs, premature culling, and reduced sale value of infected animals. Other diseases that are sometimes confused with footrot are foot abscesses, laminitis (founder), corns, foreign bodies or ...
... on their flanks, brisket, and knees. These conditions result in production losses, treatment and prevention costs, premature culling, and reduced sale value of infected animals. Other diseases that are sometimes confused with footrot are foot abscesses, laminitis (founder), corns, foreign bodies or ...
Pseudorabies and Brucellosis Problems in Feral Swine
... to guarantee that feral swine will not reinfect PRV-free domestic herds. ...
... to guarantee that feral swine will not reinfect PRV-free domestic herds. ...
Prevalence of selected infectious diseases in Samoan dogs
... dogs under the age of twelve months were positive (Vezzani, 2011). Zoonotic potential Humans can sometimes be infected, and the larvae tend to follow the same pathway as in the canine host. However, humans are dead-end hosts to D. immitis, meaning they cannot proliferate in human tissue. The infecti ...
... dogs under the age of twelve months were positive (Vezzani, 2011). Zoonotic potential Humans can sometimes be infected, and the larvae tend to follow the same pathway as in the canine host. However, humans are dead-end hosts to D. immitis, meaning they cannot proliferate in human tissue. The infecti ...
Vaccine Technical Review
... In 1992, data were published1 indicating five percent of Lyme-positive dogs developed clinical signs of Lyme disease each year they were observed. While Lyme arthritis could often be successfully treated, Lyme nephritis nearly always resulted in the death or euthanasia of the pet.2,5 Incidence of ep ...
... In 1992, data were published1 indicating five percent of Lyme-positive dogs developed clinical signs of Lyme disease each year they were observed. While Lyme arthritis could often be successfully treated, Lyme nephritis nearly always resulted in the death or euthanasia of the pet.2,5 Incidence of ep ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.