![Veterinary Pathology Online](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/006274899_1-63c61e28081c2fdd7802c78969d81e20-300x300.png)
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy as a Zoonotic Disease
... feeding carcasses to mink, and rendered carcasses to livestock. Recycled BSE-infected carcass tissues have also transmitted disease to a variety of zoo felines and exotic ungulates. It is possible that many other species are susceptible to experimental infection, or that they harbour natural disease ...
... feeding carcasses to mink, and rendered carcasses to livestock. Recycled BSE-infected carcass tissues have also transmitted disease to a variety of zoo felines and exotic ungulates. It is possible that many other species are susceptible to experimental infection, or that they harbour natural disease ...
Wound infection in clinical practice. An
... Even though it is virtually inevitable that most wounds contain micro-organisms, many heal successfully. However, sometimes micro-organisms (particularly bacteria) multiply, invading and damaging tissues, delaying healing and occasionally causing systemic illness. The potential for bacteria to produ ...
... Even though it is virtually inevitable that most wounds contain micro-organisms, many heal successfully. However, sometimes micro-organisms (particularly bacteria) multiply, invading and damaging tissues, delaying healing and occasionally causing systemic illness. The potential for bacteria to produ ...
Enhancement of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 lnCection
... and of guinea pigs immunized with HIV (7). Recently, it was found that some human mAbs also contained EAB (9, 10). However, the epitope specificity of EAB has not been systematically investigated. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp160 (gp120 and gp41) contains a number of immunodominant epitopes eli ...
... and of guinea pigs immunized with HIV (7). Recently, it was found that some human mAbs also contained EAB (9, 10). However, the epitope specificity of EAB has not been systematically investigated. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp160 (gp120 and gp41) contains a number of immunodominant epitopes eli ...
dr. Ni Made adi Tarini, Sp.MK
... University, the discipline-based subjects of the previous curriculum such as Biology, Anatomy, Physiology, Internal Medicine, etc have been integrated and incorporated into several blocks. One of these blocks is Infections and Infectious Diseases. In this block will be explained in general about pat ...
... University, the discipline-based subjects of the previous curriculum such as Biology, Anatomy, Physiology, Internal Medicine, etc have been integrated and incorporated into several blocks. One of these blocks is Infections and Infectious Diseases. In this block will be explained in general about pat ...
Relations of Oral and Systemic Health and Disease
... matter. GCV contains large numbers of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) that phagocytize bacteria. Antibodies to plaque microbial species, complement, and antibacterial molecules such as a2macroglobulin assist PMNs in their antibacterial activities. In addition, the rapid turnover of the gingival ...
... matter. GCV contains large numbers of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) that phagocytize bacteria. Antibodies to plaque microbial species, complement, and antibacterial molecules such as a2macroglobulin assist PMNs in their antibacterial activities. In addition, the rapid turnover of the gingival ...
Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals from
... Food animals are important livestock species, especially in developing countries and their products (meat and milk) are used in various parts of the world. Pork and chicken are the most consumed meat in the world with global production estimated at 115.5 and 108.7 million tons in 2014 [18]. In Afric ...
... Food animals are important livestock species, especially in developing countries and their products (meat and milk) are used in various parts of the world. Pork and chicken are the most consumed meat in the world with global production estimated at 115.5 and 108.7 million tons in 2014 [18]. In Afric ...
Sarcoptic Mange - the Bilton Veterinary Centre
... Ivermectin (injection/oral). This is a non-licensed treatment and involves using a drug that is generally used as an anti-parasitic for farm animals such as sheep and cows. It also is very effective, but there is a risk of side effects and the drug mustn’t be used in any Collie breeds or Collie cr ...
... Ivermectin (injection/oral). This is a non-licensed treatment and involves using a drug that is generally used as an anti-parasitic for farm animals such as sheep and cows. It also is very effective, but there is a risk of side effects and the drug mustn’t be used in any Collie breeds or Collie cr ...
Full Text
... (TEM), immunoperoxidase (IMP) staining, antigen trapping enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. There is no specific antiviral treatment available for LSD infected cattle. The control of LSD can be achieved through, the implementation of vaccination; s ...
... (TEM), immunoperoxidase (IMP) staining, antigen trapping enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. There is no specific antiviral treatment available for LSD infected cattle. The control of LSD can be achieved through, the implementation of vaccination; s ...
Aerobic Bacteria Isolated from Condemned
... species isolates may be due to different camel living places and in an area of study camel sometimes shared other animal species in water and grazing. In the present study some blood agar plates resulted in no growth and this agreed with the results obtained by Chardrdan et al. (2006) and Hamad (200 ...
... species isolates may be due to different camel living places and in an area of study camel sometimes shared other animal species in water and grazing. In the present study some blood agar plates resulted in no growth and this agreed with the results obtained by Chardrdan et al. (2006) and Hamad (200 ...
Estimators of annual probability of infection for quantitative microbial
... benchmark. It is a product of independent daily infection probabilities which in turn are based on daily doses. An alternative and commonly-used estimator, here referred to as the Naı̈ve, assumes a single daily infection probability from a single value of daily dose. The typical use of this estimato ...
... benchmark. It is a product of independent daily infection probabilities which in turn are based on daily doses. An alternative and commonly-used estimator, here referred to as the Naı̈ve, assumes a single daily infection probability from a single value of daily dose. The typical use of this estimato ...
antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in veterinary science
... responsibility for all governments. Tests are carried out on routine samples looking for residues of various types of antibiotics as well as other potential contaminants, like pesticides or toxic heavy metals. National survey results in the US and Europe typically find a rate of positive samples in ...
... responsibility for all governments. Tests are carried out on routine samples looking for residues of various types of antibiotics as well as other potential contaminants, like pesticides or toxic heavy metals. National survey results in the US and Europe typically find a rate of positive samples in ...
Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality
... Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis is a gramnegative rod transmitted venereally among cattle [1]. It might also be transmitted through contact with contaminated bedding or instruments or other infected animals. Infection of the vagina, cervix, endometrium and placenta can occur. Infected animals ...
... Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis is a gramnegative rod transmitted venereally among cattle [1]. It might also be transmitted through contact with contaminated bedding or instruments or other infected animals. Infection of the vagina, cervix, endometrium and placenta can occur. Infected animals ...
New Regulations Will Impact Animal Antibiotic Use and the Role of
... antibiotics that are also provided to humans (See 21 C.F.R. Part 558). The new rules have arisen out of a belief of bacterial resistance in humans to antibiotics even though there is no scientific proof that antibiotic resistant bacterial infections in humans are related to antibiotic use in livesto ...
... antibiotics that are also provided to humans (See 21 C.F.R. Part 558). The new rules have arisen out of a belief of bacterial resistance in humans to antibiotics even though there is no scientific proof that antibiotic resistant bacterial infections in humans are related to antibiotic use in livesto ...
PPT 12
... Within herd R0 is higher (6 in cattle 40 in pigs) Between herd transmission in UK R0=3.6 (Ferrari, M. J., Bjørnstad, ...
... Within herd R0 is higher (6 in cattle 40 in pigs) Between herd transmission in UK R0=3.6 (Ferrari, M. J., Bjørnstad, ...
and Animal-borne Tuberculosis - International Union Against
... Unlike conventional TB, which is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, zoonotic TB is caused by a different bacterial strain: Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). Also unlike conventional TB, which is airborne and transmits from person-to-person, zoonotic TB originates first in animals and ...
... Unlike conventional TB, which is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, zoonotic TB is caused by a different bacterial strain: Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). Also unlike conventional TB, which is airborne and transmits from person-to-person, zoonotic TB originates first in animals and ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.