Reciprocal facilitation and nonlinearity maintain habitat engineering
... for using one parameter more than model 1. Since model 2 tends to be linear when parameter b tends to 0, AIC values were mostly used to decide if model 2 provided a significant improvement of linear fits. According to the rule-of-thumb of Burnham and Anderson (2002), model 2 was considered relevant ...
... for using one parameter more than model 1. Since model 2 tends to be linear when parameter b tends to 0, AIC values were mostly used to decide if model 2 provided a significant improvement of linear fits. According to the rule-of-thumb of Burnham and Anderson (2002), model 2 was considered relevant ...
מבחן גמר בנוירולוגיה - 2008
... 10. All but which of the following are expected following systemic administration of Adrenalin a. Dermal vasoconstriction b. Decrease in blood potassium levels c. Decrease in pancreatic glucagon secretion d. Increase in the disassembly of triglycerides to FFA e. Decrease in pancreatic Insulin secret ...
... 10. All but which of the following are expected following systemic administration of Adrenalin a. Dermal vasoconstriction b. Decrease in blood potassium levels c. Decrease in pancreatic glucagon secretion d. Increase in the disassembly of triglycerides to FFA e. Decrease in pancreatic Insulin secret ...
Neurobiological alterations in alcohol addiction: a review
... GABA or γ-amino-butyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and the GABAergic system plays an important role in the behavioural and pharmacological effects of ethanol. GABAA receptor protein complex is composed of five subunits, assembled to form a channel across the neur ...
... GABA or γ-amino-butyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and the GABAergic system plays an important role in the behavioural and pharmacological effects of ethanol. GABAA receptor protein complex is composed of five subunits, assembled to form a channel across the neur ...
Opioid Pharmacology : new insight and clinical relevance
... ventromedial medulla, locus ceruleus • Opioid : activate descending pathway by inhibiting inhibitory interneurons →inhibit spinal pain transmisssion ...
... ventromedial medulla, locus ceruleus • Opioid : activate descending pathway by inhibiting inhibitory interneurons →inhibit spinal pain transmisssion ...
Opioid Tolerance and Dependence in Infants and Children
... regulates an internally rectifying K+ channel and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The 12lipoxygenase products stimulate the K+ channels. The decrease in cAMP and NO production affect a decrease in the action potential duration and a decrease in neurotransmitter release. Activation of these in ...
... regulates an internally rectifying K+ channel and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The 12lipoxygenase products stimulate the K+ channels. The decrease in cAMP and NO production affect a decrease in the action potential duration and a decrease in neurotransmitter release. Activation of these in ...
The emerging role of pharmacology in understanding consumer
... in which secondary metabolites alter the foraging behavior or fitness of aquatic consumers, or both. However, our understanding of the mechanisms that mediate the fate and consequences of these metabolites in aquatic consumers remains in its infancy. Interactions between metabolites and consumers at ...
... in which secondary metabolites alter the foraging behavior or fitness of aquatic consumers, or both. However, our understanding of the mechanisms that mediate the fate and consequences of these metabolites in aquatic consumers remains in its infancy. Interactions between metabolites and consumers at ...
Further Characterization of Quinpirole
... because of its role in yawning (Argiolas and Melis, 1998). For monkey #1711, the PET data were coregistered to the MRI obtained from monkey #1710 based on the similar weight and age of the two subjects. PET studies were performed on a GE 64 slice PET/CT Discovery VCT scanner (GE Medical Systems, Mil ...
... because of its role in yawning (Argiolas and Melis, 1998). For monkey #1711, the PET data were coregistered to the MRI obtained from monkey #1710 based on the similar weight and age of the two subjects. PET studies were performed on a GE 64 slice PET/CT Discovery VCT scanner (GE Medical Systems, Mil ...
Histamine in Atopic Disorders: Atopic Dermatitis and
... Diseases The expression of H4 receptor is described for various cells types relevant for inflammatory skin diseases and for some cell populations, functional studies of the H4 receptor also exist. ...
... Diseases The expression of H4 receptor is described for various cells types relevant for inflammatory skin diseases and for some cell populations, functional studies of the H4 receptor also exist. ...
LOCAL ANESTHETICS - Professor Dr Ghaleb
... reaches the nerve. Moves across “points of least resistance”, which do not necessarily lead into the desired nerve(s), stressing the need to bring the needle in proximity to the target nerve(s). The local anesthetic solution diffuses through tissues; each layer of them acting as a physical barrier a ...
... reaches the nerve. Moves across “points of least resistance”, which do not necessarily lead into the desired nerve(s), stressing the need to bring the needle in proximity to the target nerve(s). The local anesthetic solution diffuses through tissues; each layer of them acting as a physical barrier a ...
Basics Pharmacology Review - Dr. Roland Halil
... Clinical Pharmacist, Bruyere Academic Family Health Team March 2015 [email protected] ...
... Clinical Pharmacist, Bruyere Academic Family Health Team March 2015 [email protected] ...
EA_QA312.3_levothyroxineseakelp
... as 1 mg of iodine (5). In addition the iodine content of kelp products can vary considerably, even within products of the same brand (1, 4). When progressively larger doses of iodine are ingested there is an initial rise in thyroid hormone production, but as doses continue to rise production is redu ...
... as 1 mg of iodine (5). In addition the iodine content of kelp products can vary considerably, even within products of the same brand (1, 4). When progressively larger doses of iodine are ingested there is an initial rise in thyroid hormone production, but as doses continue to rise production is redu ...
Hit-to-lead (H2L) and Lead Optimization in Medicinal Chemistry
... • optimize van der Waals interactions (attractive forces work on very short distances unlike electrostatic interactions) • do not incur entropic penalty – there is at least anecdotal evidence that entropy and off-rate may correlate (evolving science) ...
... • optimize van der Waals interactions (attractive forces work on very short distances unlike electrostatic interactions) • do not incur entropic penalty – there is at least anecdotal evidence that entropy and off-rate may correlate (evolving science) ...
GPCR ontology: development and application of a G protein
... Analysis was initially performed per single screening campaign with compound categories defined as follows: an ‘active’ compound was one reported efficacious in primary and confirmatory assays annotated in the class assay stage in the ontology and activity outcome ‘active/probe’ in PubChem. These co ...
... Analysis was initially performed per single screening campaign with compound categories defined as follows: an ‘active’ compound was one reported efficacious in primary and confirmatory assays annotated in the class assay stage in the ontology and activity outcome ‘active/probe’ in PubChem. These co ...
An experimental study on risk effects in a dwarf
... (2010). This algorithm identifies and removes inaccurate GPS relocations when they have an unusually fast step length paired with large turning angles that form “spikes” in the movement pathway. Through this screening process, we excluded 172– 778 GPS relocations per individual, which is equivalent ...
... (2010). This algorithm identifies and removes inaccurate GPS relocations when they have an unusually fast step length paired with large turning angles that form “spikes” in the movement pathway. Through this screening process, we excluded 172– 778 GPS relocations per individual, which is equivalent ...
Human-induced biotic invasions and changes in plankton
... formed by Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers (hereafter ‘delta region’). These two regions have ...
... formed by Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers (hereafter ‘delta region’). These two regions have ...
In vivo imaging of dopamine and serotonin release Udo de
... The dopaminergic system has been implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, depression and addiction (Kapur and Mamo 2003; Leenders 2002; Naranjo et al. 2001; Volkow et al. 2002a). The involvement of ...
... The dopaminergic system has been implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, depression and addiction (Kapur and Mamo 2003; Leenders 2002; Naranjo et al. 2001; Volkow et al. 2002a). The involvement of ...
ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS: AN OVERVIEW Review Article
... catecholamine release, arginine vasopressin release, water intake, and hypertrophic response.6 PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS ...
... catecholamine release, arginine vasopressin release, water intake, and hypertrophic response.6 PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS ...
Two simple animal models of intraocular pressure elevation for testing
... pressure (IOP) is one of the most important risk factors. There are many experimental models to test the effect of new drugs but they are often expensive or require invasive techniques. The purpose of this poster is to present two simple animal models of intraocular pressure elevation for testing th ...
... pressure (IOP) is one of the most important risk factors. There are many experimental models to test the effect of new drugs but they are often expensive or require invasive techniques. The purpose of this poster is to present two simple animal models of intraocular pressure elevation for testing th ...
Antihypertensive Drugs 1
... Angiotensin receptor blockers Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) interfere with the renin-angiotensin system by impairing the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor on the cell membrane, thereby inhibiting the action of angiotensin II. Blockade of the action of angiotensin II leads to el ...
... Angiotensin receptor blockers Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) interfere with the renin-angiotensin system by impairing the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor on the cell membrane, thereby inhibiting the action of angiotensin II. Blockade of the action of angiotensin II leads to el ...
The Toxicology of HMG—CoA Reductase Inhibitors
... the lactone form and is hydrolyzed to the open hydroxy-acid form which is the active form responsible for inhibition of the enzyme. Since the introduction of these molecules, many other members of this class of statins have been studied and several have been introduced commercially. The structures o ...
... the lactone form and is hydrolyzed to the open hydroxy-acid form which is the active form responsible for inhibition of the enzyme. Since the introduction of these molecules, many other members of this class of statins have been studied and several have been introduced commercially. The structures o ...
Testosterone Effects on the Breast
... for exogenous testosterone to exert either androgenic or indirect estrogenic actions, with the latter potentially increasing breast cancer risk. There is justifiable concern that combined oral estrogen plus progestin therapy significantly increases the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women ( ...
... for exogenous testosterone to exert either androgenic or indirect estrogenic actions, with the latter potentially increasing breast cancer risk. There is justifiable concern that combined oral estrogen plus progestin therapy significantly increases the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women ( ...
Effects of endocannabinoid neurotransmission modulators on brain
... Furthermore, they may offer a rational approach to various diseases in which elevation of endocannabinoids at their release sites may result in a more selective pharmacological response than the stimulation of CB1 receptors by direct agonists, as mentioned above. This strategy would lead to enhanced ...
... Furthermore, they may offer a rational approach to various diseases in which elevation of endocannabinoids at their release sites may result in a more selective pharmacological response than the stimulation of CB1 receptors by direct agonists, as mentioned above. This strategy would lead to enhanced ...
Testosterone Effects on the Breast: Implications for Testosterone
... for exogenous testosterone to exert either androgenic or indirect estrogenic actions, with the latter potentially increasing breast cancer risk. There is justifiable concern that combined oral estrogen plus progestin therapy significantly increases the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women ( ...
... for exogenous testosterone to exert either androgenic or indirect estrogenic actions, with the latter potentially increasing breast cancer risk. There is justifiable concern that combined oral estrogen plus progestin therapy significantly increases the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women ( ...
Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders
... TRPV1 receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and G protein-coupled 55 receptor, which functionally interact with CB1R signaling (reviewed in [21, 24]). Interactions with the TRPV1 receptor, in particular, appear to be critical in regulating the extent to which eCB release leads to i ...
... TRPV1 receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and G protein-coupled 55 receptor, which functionally interact with CB1R signaling (reviewed in [21, 24]). Interactions with the TRPV1 receptor, in particular, appear to be critical in regulating the extent to which eCB release leads to i ...
Identification of the peptide conjugate with toxic acetaminophen
... Table I General pathways of xenobiotic biotransformation and their major subcellular location according to Klaassen, 2001. ...
... Table I General pathways of xenobiotic biotransformation and their major subcellular location according to Klaassen, 2001. ...
Toxicodynamics
Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.