PAIN AND OPIOID ANALGESICS
... 1. All of the following opioid receptors are correctly matched with their physiological effects, except: A) – analgesia and respiratory depression; B) k – analgesia and dysphoria; C) – miosis and physical dependence; D) - euphoria and reduced GIT motility. 2. Which of the following analgesics ...
... 1. All of the following opioid receptors are correctly matched with their physiological effects, except: A) – analgesia and respiratory depression; B) k – analgesia and dysphoria; C) – miosis and physical dependence; D) - euphoria and reduced GIT motility. 2. Which of the following analgesics ...
Polyphenols and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Impact and
... and the methionine and choline deficiency (MCD) display important differences in their metabolic characteristics. Although both models present significant steatosis, mice fed a HFD develop obesity and insulin resistance which are characteristic of NAFLD and NASH in humans. In the other hand, mice fe ...
... and the methionine and choline deficiency (MCD) display important differences in their metabolic characteristics. Although both models present significant steatosis, mice fed a HFD develop obesity and insulin resistance which are characteristic of NAFLD and NASH in humans. In the other hand, mice fe ...
Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Magnesium Chloride
... Previous studies suggest that magnesium chloride may have discriminative stimulus effects that partially overlap with those of noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists as well as certain monoamine uptake inhibitors. In our study, rats were trained to discriminate 100 mg/kg magnesium chloride ...
... Previous studies suggest that magnesium chloride may have discriminative stimulus effects that partially overlap with those of noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists as well as certain monoamine uptake inhibitors. In our study, rats were trained to discriminate 100 mg/kg magnesium chloride ...
Current status of trans-platinum compounds in cancer therapy
... 2. Basic chemistry of cis- and trans-DDP: what makes the difference Some exceptions to the rule that two good leaving groups in cis position are necessary for antitumour-active platinum complexes have been reported in recent years. These ‘exceptions’, which frequently show activity against cis-DDP-r ...
... 2. Basic chemistry of cis- and trans-DDP: what makes the difference Some exceptions to the rule that two good leaving groups in cis position are necessary for antitumour-active platinum complexes have been reported in recent years. These ‘exceptions’, which frequently show activity against cis-DDP-r ...
Characterization of the Analgesic and Anti
... The purified COX enzymes were reconstituted with 2 mM phenol and 1 mM hematin and the cyclooxygenase activity was measured using a radiometric assay (Barnett et al., 1994). Putative inhibitors (2–15 ml) were diluted in DMSO and preincubated with the appropriate recombinant COX (3–15 ng) at a final c ...
... The purified COX enzymes were reconstituted with 2 mM phenol and 1 mM hematin and the cyclooxygenase activity was measured using a radiometric assay (Barnett et al., 1994). Putative inhibitors (2–15 ml) were diluted in DMSO and preincubated with the appropriate recombinant COX (3–15 ng) at a final c ...
SCIENCE ADVICE FROM A RISK ASSESSMENT OF
... of small prey fishes and declines in minnow species’ richness. It is occurs in both lake and river habitats and some individuals are found to move long distances, while others are territorial which may limit their spread. Largemouth Bass is native to eastern North America and likely first invaded Br ...
... of small prey fishes and declines in minnow species’ richness. It is occurs in both lake and river habitats and some individuals are found to move long distances, while others are territorial which may limit their spread. Largemouth Bass is native to eastern North America and likely first invaded Br ...
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Modeling to Predict Drug-Drug Interactions
... Many current computational approaches to predicting drug interactions are too specific to be applied to the broader spectrum of DDIs. Although considered successful, they are constrained to certain pathways and targets [44] or explicit mechanisms [51]. Some models rely on in vitro data as parameters ...
... Many current computational approaches to predicting drug interactions are too specific to be applied to the broader spectrum of DDIs. Although considered successful, they are constrained to certain pathways and targets [44] or explicit mechanisms [51]. Some models rely on in vitro data as parameters ...
Predicting Drug Metabolism - Cambridge Repository
... substrate specificities can vary greatly among different species, which implies there is a risk of missing toxic metabolites formed in humans when extrapolating from in vitro and animal testing results. Expression patterns also differ between tissues and organs, and there are indications that metabo ...
... substrate specificities can vary greatly among different species, which implies there is a risk of missing toxic metabolites formed in humans when extrapolating from in vitro and animal testing results. Expression patterns also differ between tissues and organs, and there are indications that metabo ...
The thesis
... made to reveal the processes induced by painful stimuli. Different animal models are used to characterise ...
... made to reveal the processes induced by painful stimuli. Different animal models are used to characterise ...
Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Review
... glucuronide and benzoquinone imines derived from 5hydroxydiclofenac modify proteins covalently; hence, decreased as well as increased activity of CYP2C8 potentially increase the risk of hepatotoxicity. MRP2 is involved in the transport of diclofenac acyl glucuronide to biliary canaliculi and the met ...
... glucuronide and benzoquinone imines derived from 5hydroxydiclofenac modify proteins covalently; hence, decreased as well as increased activity of CYP2C8 potentially increase the risk of hepatotoxicity. MRP2 is involved in the transport of diclofenac acyl glucuronide to biliary canaliculi and the met ...
Competitive strategies of soft corals (Coelenterata
... a n avoidance response, A. molle and S. flexibilis both oriented away from each other in a manner similar to that described above, with the response occurring at the 38 d mark. The avoidance response of A. molle was less pronounced than that of Nephthea sp. under noncontact conditions. Nephthea sp. ...
... a n avoidance response, A. molle and S. flexibilis both oriented away from each other in a manner similar to that described above, with the response occurring at the 38 d mark. The avoidance response of A. molle was less pronounced than that of Nephthea sp. under noncontact conditions. Nephthea sp. ...
DIABETES AND LIPID - Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical
... Lovastatin and simvastatin are lactone prodrugs that are modified in the liver to active hydroxy acid forms Since they are lactones, they are less soluble in water than are the other statins ...
... Lovastatin and simvastatin are lactone prodrugs that are modified in the liver to active hydroxy acid forms Since they are lactones, they are less soluble in water than are the other statins ...
Anti-Catabolic Effects Of Anabolic Steroids
... oiliness of the skin are anabolic processes in those tissues. The steroids with the most potent anabolic effect are also those with the greatest androgenic effect. Steroid Receptors Steroid hormones work by stimulation of receptor molecules in muscle cells, which activate specific genes to produce p ...
... oiliness of the skin are anabolic processes in those tissues. The steroids with the most potent anabolic effect are also those with the greatest androgenic effect. Steroid Receptors Steroid hormones work by stimulation of receptor molecules in muscle cells, which activate specific genes to produce p ...
A1985AMF6700002
... including cofactor requirements and response to inhibitors, we concluded that a q~tochrome P.450-dependent mono-osygenase system was involved. This thesis stirred up a decade of extensive experimentation 1with lively and, at times, acrimonious debate. The issue was finally settled after (a) separati ...
... including cofactor requirements and response to inhibitors, we concluded that a q~tochrome P.450-dependent mono-osygenase system was involved. This thesis stirred up a decade of extensive experimentation 1with lively and, at times, acrimonious debate. The issue was finally settled after (a) separati ...
NIH Public Access
... calculated CI scores using CompuSyn (38), and found that these drugs were synergistic in both cell lines (average CI scores were 0.34±0.19 for DDLS8817 and 0.63±0.17 for LPS141) (Fig. 2). In addition, the IGF1R small molecule inhibitor NVP-AEW541 appeared to be synergistic in combination with PD0332 ...
... calculated CI scores using CompuSyn (38), and found that these drugs were synergistic in both cell lines (average CI scores were 0.34±0.19 for DDLS8817 and 0.63±0.17 for LPS141) (Fig. 2). In addition, the IGF1R small molecule inhibitor NVP-AEW541 appeared to be synergistic in combination with PD0332 ...
Additivity Versus Synergy: A Theoretical Analysis of - Area-c54
... and the concentration associated with 50% receptor occupancy, kd. Effects mediated by very low concentrations are more likely to be additive. Similarly, inhaled anesthetics that act at separate sites are unlikely to exhibit additive interactions if anesthetic drug effect occurs at concentrations at ...
... and the concentration associated with 50% receptor occupancy, kd. Effects mediated by very low concentrations are more likely to be additive. Similarly, inhaled anesthetics that act at separate sites are unlikely to exhibit additive interactions if anesthetic drug effect occurs at concentrations at ...
Salvia Divinorum
... Salvinorin A, also called Divinorin A, is believed to be the ingredient responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of Salvia divinorum. Chemically, it is a neoclerodane diterpene found primarily in the leaves, and to a lesser extent in the stems. Although several other substances have been isolated ...
... Salvinorin A, also called Divinorin A, is believed to be the ingredient responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of Salvia divinorum. Chemically, it is a neoclerodane diterpene found primarily in the leaves, and to a lesser extent in the stems. Although several other substances have been isolated ...
summary of product characteristics 1 name of the medicinal product
... Calciferol, fat soluble vitamin important in calcium and phosphate homeostasis and in bone mineralisation. Ascorbic acid, Ascorbate, water soluble vitamin important synthesis of collagen and intracellular material. Thiamine, water soluble vitamin important in carbohydrate metabolism. Riboflavine, wa ...
... Calciferol, fat soluble vitamin important in calcium and phosphate homeostasis and in bone mineralisation. Ascorbic acid, Ascorbate, water soluble vitamin important synthesis of collagen and intracellular material. Thiamine, water soluble vitamin important in carbohydrate metabolism. Riboflavine, wa ...
5-Hydroxytryptamine2C Receptor Contribution to m
... Animal Surgery and Preparation. All procedures were approved by the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees and were conducted according to the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n ⫽ 6 per group) were housed ...
... Animal Surgery and Preparation. All procedures were approved by the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees and were conducted according to the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n ⫽ 6 per group) were housed ...
Crossfertilizing aquatic and terrestrial research to understand
... systems, which are less discrete, yet such shifts certainly occur. For example, one of the largest migrations of biomass on the planet—the downward movement of zooplankton to deep strata during daylight hours and then back to surface waters at night (diel vertical migration, DVM)—appears to be drive ...
... systems, which are less discrete, yet such shifts certainly occur. For example, one of the largest migrations of biomass on the planet—the downward movement of zooplankton to deep strata during daylight hours and then back to surface waters at night (diel vertical migration, DVM)—appears to be drive ...
... This study demonstrates that the TP receptor antagonist, BAY u 3405, produces only partial protection against PGD2-induced airway narrowing at 90 min after ingestion. The magnitude of protection was similar when 20, 50 or 100 mg doses were used, despite increasing plasma concentrations of BAY u 3405 ...
752ANSModule1_2005
... 28. ____ Muscarine and pilocarpine are natural products that have similar pharmacological actions, but only one is useful as a drug to treat glaucoma. What key structural difference supports the use of pilocarpine rather than muscarine? (3 pts) A. Muscarine lacks the ester group that is crucial for ...
... 28. ____ Muscarine and pilocarpine are natural products that have similar pharmacological actions, but only one is useful as a drug to treat glaucoma. What key structural difference supports the use of pilocarpine rather than muscarine? (3 pts) A. Muscarine lacks the ester group that is crucial for ...
Light-activated Binary Nucleotide Reagent For Inactivation Of Dna
... activity is commonly associated with disease[1]. As a result, the inhibition of enzymes has been an important tool for both biological research and drug design[1]. Enzymes compose one of the largest distinct drug classes, with approximately half of all marketed drugs targeting an enzyme[2, 3]. Enzym ...
... activity is commonly associated with disease[1]. As a result, the inhibition of enzymes has been an important tool for both biological research and drug design[1]. Enzymes compose one of the largest distinct drug classes, with approximately half of all marketed drugs targeting an enzyme[2, 3]. Enzym ...
Joydip Das, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical
... caused to the society, the number of drugs available to treat AUD is very limited and their mechanisms of action are not clearly understood. Moreover, the current drugs are only effective modestly and patient compliance is a serious issue because of several adverse side effects. Therefore, there is ...
... caused to the society, the number of drugs available to treat AUD is very limited and their mechanisms of action are not clearly understood. Moreover, the current drugs are only effective modestly and patient compliance is a serious issue because of several adverse side effects. Therefore, there is ...
Cannabis (1)
... Obesity is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20 percent or more over an individual's ideal body weight. Obesity results when the size or number of fat cells in a person's body increases. When a person gains weight, these fat cells first increase in size and later in num ...
... Obesity is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20 percent or more over an individual's ideal body weight. Obesity results when the size or number of fat cells in a person's body increases. When a person gains weight, these fat cells first increase in size and later in num ...
Toxicodynamics
Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.