Naltrexone potentiates anti-HIV-1 activity of antiretroviral drugs in
... AZT but actually inhibited indinavir’s antiviral activity underscores the complexity of the interaction of opiate antagonists with CD4+ lymphocytes and the fact that the mechanism of action of naloxone and naltrexone in this cell culture system is unknown. The phenomenon of synergistic interactions ...
... AZT but actually inhibited indinavir’s antiviral activity underscores the complexity of the interaction of opiate antagonists with CD4+ lymphocytes and the fact that the mechanism of action of naloxone and naltrexone in this cell culture system is unknown. The phenomenon of synergistic interactions ...
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... accumulates, leading to a variety of adverse effects, particularly in the GI tract (16, 26). Precursors to 5-HT were then examined. L-Trp was discounted due to its inability to cross the BBB without the rate-limiting carrier protein LAT1 (17). Additionally, excess L-Trp would not necessarily result ...
... accumulates, leading to a variety of adverse effects, particularly in the GI tract (16, 26). Precursors to 5-HT were then examined. L-Trp was discounted due to its inability to cross the BBB without the rate-limiting carrier protein LAT1 (17). Additionally, excess L-Trp would not necessarily result ...
Herbal medicine for treatment and prevention of liver diseases
... cause of liver injury. More than 900 drugs, toxins, and herbs have been reported to cause liver injury, and drugs account for 20–40% of all instances of fulminant hepatic failure [5]. Drug-induced hepatitis is inflammation caused by certain prescription drugs, including herbal drugs. Drug toxicity c ...
... cause of liver injury. More than 900 drugs, toxins, and herbs have been reported to cause liver injury, and drugs account for 20–40% of all instances of fulminant hepatic failure [5]. Drug-induced hepatitis is inflammation caused by certain prescription drugs, including herbal drugs. Drug toxicity c ...
Pharmacology of anabolic steroids
... activity, e.g., 3a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. ...
... activity, e.g., 3a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. ...
Ecological non-monotonicity and its effects on complexity and
... (a = a1 + a2 , b = b1 , c = b2 ). This is a non-monotonic function which is similar to a parabolic curve in Fig. 1a. Similarly, if we let rp = a1 − b1 x, rn = a2 + b2 x2 (all a1 , a2 , b1 , b2 , >0), we will have a non-monotonic parabolic curve in Fig. 1b. Thus, the allometric growth of opposing pos ...
... (a = a1 + a2 , b = b1 , c = b2 ). This is a non-monotonic function which is similar to a parabolic curve in Fig. 1a. Similarly, if we let rp = a1 − b1 x, rn = a2 + b2 x2 (all a1 , a2 , b1 , b2 , >0), we will have a non-monotonic parabolic curve in Fig. 1b. Thus, the allometric growth of opposing pos ...
A stoichiometric exception to the competitive exclusion principle.
... rigorous mathematical statement is often stated without some of its underlying assumptions. Such omission of assumptions can and often leads to widespread misconceptions by forcing the argument beyond the realm of its original formulation (e.g. the CEP or May’s complexity-stability argument). While ...
... rigorous mathematical statement is often stated without some of its underlying assumptions. Such omission of assumptions can and often leads to widespread misconceptions by forcing the argument beyond the realm of its original formulation (e.g. the CEP or May’s complexity-stability argument). While ...
Persistent Organic Pollutants (aka POPs)
... Problem: Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological Magnification Persistent Organic Pollutants (aka POPs) are ...
... Problem: Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological Magnification Persistent Organic Pollutants (aka POPs) are ...
Synaptic-Type a1b2g2L GABA A Receptors Produce Large
... extracellular GABA (Houston et al., 2012) is several tens of folds lower than the apparent affinity to GABA of synaptic subtypes of GABAA receptors (Li et al., 2006; Picton and Fisher, 2007). Under physiologic conditions, GABAA receptors, including synaptic receptors, are exposed to endogenous modul ...
... extracellular GABA (Houston et al., 2012) is several tens of folds lower than the apparent affinity to GABA of synaptic subtypes of GABAA receptors (Li et al., 2006; Picton and Fisher, 2007). Under physiologic conditions, GABAA receptors, including synaptic receptors, are exposed to endogenous modul ...
Effect of rejuvenation hormones on spermatogenesis
... Mechanism of Action Exogenous testosterone inhibits spermatogenesis by suppressing the HPG axis. Specifically, testosterone therapy results in negative feedback on the HPG axis. It inhibits gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH), thereby inhibiting the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) an ...
... Mechanism of Action Exogenous testosterone inhibits spermatogenesis by suppressing the HPG axis. Specifically, testosterone therapy results in negative feedback on the HPG axis. It inhibits gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH), thereby inhibiting the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) an ...
FLAVERIA TRINERVIA HEPATOTOXICITY USING RATS Research Article
... selected patients with liver failure due to chronic alcoholic consumption1. Much of the cell damage that occurs during liver degeneration is believed to be caused by the free radicals or highly reactive oxygen species liberated during alcohol metabolism. These free radicals react with the cell membr ...
... selected patients with liver failure due to chronic alcoholic consumption1. Much of the cell damage that occurs during liver degeneration is believed to be caused by the free radicals or highly reactive oxygen species liberated during alcohol metabolism. These free radicals react with the cell membr ...
here - National Medicinal Chemistry Symposium
... multiple clinical programs. This presentation will highlight select case study examples of clinical failures due to poor oral drug exposure and unexpected toxicology, as well as the many confounding factors associated with confirming a role for AO in the metabolism of a candidate d ...
... multiple clinical programs. This presentation will highlight select case study examples of clinical failures due to poor oral drug exposure and unexpected toxicology, as well as the many confounding factors associated with confirming a role for AO in the metabolism of a candidate d ...
... Two successive contractile responses were observed: a rapid cholinergic contraction, followed by a long-lasting contraction due to local release of neuropeptides from C-fibre endings. Fenspiride (10-6 to 10-4 M) inhibited the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) component of the contraction of the g ...
2016 EQUINE GASTRO-INTESTINAL MOTILITY
... It stands clear that disruption of gastro-intestinal motility may cause severe health risks for the horse, comprising the digestive function of the intestinal tract as a potential result of the primary pathology by the gastro-intestinal disorder. Although a variety of primary diseases can be respons ...
... It stands clear that disruption of gastro-intestinal motility may cause severe health risks for the horse, comprising the digestive function of the intestinal tract as a potential result of the primary pathology by the gastro-intestinal disorder. Although a variety of primary diseases can be respons ...
The impacts of metals and metalloids on insect behavior
... most available studies examine the effects of Se at much lower concentrations. Selenium can also reach high concentrations in vegetation found near coal burning power plants and some industrial sites (McNeal & Balistrieri, 1989; Huggins et al., 2007). Arsenic (As), commonly found as arsenate, is an ...
... most available studies examine the effects of Se at much lower concentrations. Selenium can also reach high concentrations in vegetation found near coal burning power plants and some industrial sites (McNeal & Balistrieri, 1989; Huggins et al., 2007). Arsenic (As), commonly found as arsenate, is an ...
Anabolic steroid induced acute myocardial infarction ABSTRACT
... Androgenic anabolic steroids are commonly abused by athletes and body-builders to help develop lean body mass and muscular strength to enhance their performance. However, at doses which are much higher than recommended therapeutic dosage, abuse of these drugs is commonly associated with cardiovascul ...
... Androgenic anabolic steroids are commonly abused by athletes and body-builders to help develop lean body mass and muscular strength to enhance their performance. However, at doses which are much higher than recommended therapeutic dosage, abuse of these drugs is commonly associated with cardiovascul ...
Acute FulminAnt HepAtic FAilure - The Association of Physicians of
... B infection contributes significant number of ALF cases (1127%).3-5 Acetaminophen has been implicated in very few cases in causation of ALF in India. On the other hand, acetaminophen is single most common etiology responsible for ALF in western countries (30-35% in USA and 60% of cases in Europe).1 ...
... B infection contributes significant number of ALF cases (1127%).3-5 Acetaminophen has been implicated in very few cases in causation of ALF in India. On the other hand, acetaminophen is single most common etiology responsible for ALF in western countries (30-35% in USA and 60% of cases in Europe).1 ...
Antihelminthic
... • The larvae hatch • Invade the intestinal mucosa portal, systemic circulation lungs penetrate the alveolar walls ascend the bronchial tree to the throat, and are swallowed . • Upon reaching the small intestine, they develop into adult worms. • Between 2 and 3 months are required from ingestion ...
... • The larvae hatch • Invade the intestinal mucosa portal, systemic circulation lungs penetrate the alveolar walls ascend the bronchial tree to the throat, and are swallowed . • Upon reaching the small intestine, they develop into adult worms. • Between 2 and 3 months are required from ingestion ...
science advice from the risk assessment of the invasive bloody red
... The bloody red shrimp (Hemimysis anomala) is one of the recent non-native species to be discovered in the Great Lakes. It is believed to have been introduced through ballast water. Hemimysis anomala is a species of mysid native to the Ponto-Caspian region, first identified in the Great Lakes in 2006 ...
... The bloody red shrimp (Hemimysis anomala) is one of the recent non-native species to be discovered in the Great Lakes. It is believed to have been introduced through ballast water. Hemimysis anomala is a species of mysid native to the Ponto-Caspian region, first identified in the Great Lakes in 2006 ...
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... photoprotective properties after its administration, either topically or orally. Polypodium leucotomos (PL) is rich in phenolic compounds. PL contains among other cinnamic, ferulic and chlorogenic acids, all of them polyphenols with known antioxidant properties [9,10]. In vitro and in vivo studies h ...
... photoprotective properties after its administration, either topically or orally. Polypodium leucotomos (PL) is rich in phenolic compounds. PL contains among other cinnamic, ferulic and chlorogenic acids, all of them polyphenols with known antioxidant properties [9,10]. In vitro and in vivo studies h ...
Simultaneous Inhibition of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and
... considered significantly different when the 95% CLs of their potency ratio did not include 1. Response rate was averaged (6 S.E.M.) among mice and plotted as a function of dose. Response rate for an individual mouse was calculated by expressing the response rate during a test as a percentage of cont ...
... considered significantly different when the 95% CLs of their potency ratio did not include 1. Response rate was averaged (6 S.E.M.) among mice and plotted as a function of dose. Response rate for an individual mouse was calculated by expressing the response rate during a test as a percentage of cont ...
Biphasic effects of 7-OH-DPAT on the acquisition of responding for
... Other evidence suggests that apomorphine produces its ``masking'' effects by stimulating a specific DA receptor subtype. DA can bind to any of at least five distinct receptors, that are commonly dichotomized into D1-like (D1, D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, D4) receptors, depending on whether binding leads ...
... Other evidence suggests that apomorphine produces its ``masking'' effects by stimulating a specific DA receptor subtype. DA can bind to any of at least five distinct receptors, that are commonly dichotomized into D1-like (D1, D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, D4) receptors, depending on whether binding leads ...
Functional Groups of Ecosystem Engineers: A
... many publications that cite assimilatory and dissimilatory processes as ecosystem engineering, such as sediment-binding mucous exuded by microorganisms or oxygen consumption by plants (Jones et al. 1994, 1997a, 1997b; Caraco et al. 2006; Volkenborn et al. 2007). There appears to be particular confus ...
... many publications that cite assimilatory and dissimilatory processes as ecosystem engineering, such as sediment-binding mucous exuded by microorganisms or oxygen consumption by plants (Jones et al. 1994, 1997a, 1997b; Caraco et al. 2006; Volkenborn et al. 2007). There appears to be particular confus ...
ALTACE® 10mg:
... (Galega officinalis) was used to treat symptoms of diabetes. The plant contained the compound guanidine. In the 1950’s, the biguanide Phenformin was introduced for treating type 2 diabetes in the U.S.. It was withdrawn from the market due to cases of fatal lactic acidosis. ...
... (Galega officinalis) was used to treat symptoms of diabetes. The plant contained the compound guanidine. In the 1950’s, the biguanide Phenformin was introduced for treating type 2 diabetes in the U.S.. It was withdrawn from the market due to cases of fatal lactic acidosis. ...
Protective Effect of Saponin Extract from the Root of Garcinia kola
... Most of the hepatotoxic chemicals including paracetamol damaged liver mainly by inducing lipid peroxidation directly or indirectly [17]. In higher animals, lipid peroxidation was known to cause destabilization and disintegration of the cell membrane, leading to liver injury, arteriosclerosis and kid ...
... Most of the hepatotoxic chemicals including paracetamol damaged liver mainly by inducing lipid peroxidation directly or indirectly [17]. In higher animals, lipid peroxidation was known to cause destabilization and disintegration of the cell membrane, leading to liver injury, arteriosclerosis and kid ...
Toxicodynamics
Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.