Notes - Being an Environmental Scientist
... • Members of a population compete for food, water, space and mates • Example – ALL of the white tail deer in South Carolina ...
... • Members of a population compete for food, water, space and mates • Example – ALL of the white tail deer in South Carolina ...
Coextinction and Persistence of Dependent Species in a Changing
... With the accelerating loss of species to extinction, much effort has been invested in identifying the life-history, morphological, and functional characteristics associated with extinction vulnerability for a wide range of taxa, ranging from tropical angiosperms (Sodhi et al. 2008) to coral reef fau ...
... With the accelerating loss of species to extinction, much effort has been invested in identifying the life-history, morphological, and functional characteristics associated with extinction vulnerability for a wide range of taxa, ranging from tropical angiosperms (Sodhi et al. 2008) to coral reef fau ...
Dissecting the evolutionary impacts of plant invasions: bugs and
... length are genetically based rather than developmentally induced by the juvenile or maternal environment (Carroll et al., 1997). We treat these genetic findings in greater detail in the next section. Loss of performance on the ancestral host is evolving at the same rate (Carroll et al., 2001, 2003a, ...
... length are genetically based rather than developmentally induced by the juvenile or maternal environment (Carroll et al., 1997). We treat these genetic findings in greater detail in the next section. Loss of performance on the ancestral host is evolving at the same rate (Carroll et al., 2001, 2003a, ...
Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases
... seasonal changes in host social behaviour and contact rates, variation in encounters with infective stages in the environment, annual pulses of host births and deaths and changes in host immune defences. Mathematical models and field observations show that the strength and mechanisms of seasonality ...
... seasonal changes in host social behaviour and contact rates, variation in encounters with infective stages in the environment, annual pulses of host births and deaths and changes in host immune defences. Mathematical models and field observations show that the strength and mechanisms of seasonality ...
pdf. - Robert Colwell
... With the accelerating loss of species to extinction, much effort has been invested in identifying the life-history, morphological, and functional characteristics associated with extinction vulnerability for a wide range of taxa, ranging from tropical angiosperms (Sodhi et al. 2008) to coral reef fau ...
... With the accelerating loss of species to extinction, much effort has been invested in identifying the life-history, morphological, and functional characteristics associated with extinction vulnerability for a wide range of taxa, ranging from tropical angiosperms (Sodhi et al. 2008) to coral reef fau ...
Ecology Part 2 Relationships
... The dog and tick have a parasitic relationship. The tick is the parasite, which is the organism that benefits. It gets a free meals and place to live. The dog is the host, which is the organism where a parasite lives. The dog is harmed and can get very sick. ...
... The dog and tick have a parasitic relationship. The tick is the parasite, which is the organism that benefits. It gets a free meals and place to live. The dog is the host, which is the organism where a parasite lives. The dog is harmed and can get very sick. ...
Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of
... that causes schistosomiasis in humans. The parasite alternately infects snails and humans via free-living infectious stages. Host snails were placed in tanks at a constant density either alone or with one or two other species of non-host snails and then exposed to the parasite12. In single-species t ...
... that causes schistosomiasis in humans. The parasite alternately infects snails and humans via free-living infectious stages. Host snails were placed in tanks at a constant density either alone or with one or two other species of non-host snails and then exposed to the parasite12. In single-species t ...
Cuckoos, cowbirds and hosts: adaptations, trade
... of the same size with parental care. Krüger & Davies (2004) looked at two of the most speciose cuckoo genera, to test which mechanism explained the closer size matching of cuckoo and host eggs in the genus Chrysococcyx compared to the genus Cuculus. Chrysococcyx species are relatively small and par ...
... of the same size with parental care. Krüger & Davies (2004) looked at two of the most speciose cuckoo genera, to test which mechanism explained the closer size matching of cuckoo and host eggs in the genus Chrysococcyx compared to the genus Cuculus. Chrysococcyx species are relatively small and par ...
6-1_CFLAEAS493558_U08L03
... • Some prey animals, such as skunks, defend themselves with chemicals. ...
... • Some prey animals, such as skunks, defend themselves with chemicals. ...
Cleaning symbioses from the parasites` perspective
... interactions are a significant component of ecological communities and raise fundamental questions. For example, given that such interactions are inherently unstable, how is it that the species co-exist? Understanding how the responses of the organisms, for example defence against predators, influen ...
... interactions are a significant component of ecological communities and raise fundamental questions. For example, given that such interactions are inherently unstable, how is it that the species co-exist? Understanding how the responses of the organisms, for example defence against predators, influen ...
Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern
... moths (Simmons and Rogers 1991). Two mechanisms could cause this association. First, if parasites accumulate in the hosts’ environment over time, migration could allow animals to escape from contaminated habitats (‘‘migratory escape’’; Loehle 1995). This mechanism predicts that prolonged use of habi ...
... moths (Simmons and Rogers 1991). Two mechanisms could cause this association. First, if parasites accumulate in the hosts’ environment over time, migration could allow animals to escape from contaminated habitats (‘‘migratory escape’’; Loehle 1995). This mechanism predicts that prolonged use of habi ...
Document
... eggs on a hornworm (moth larva). The fly larvae develop by consuming the hornworm. • Many species of ichneumon wasps are parasitoids. ...
... eggs on a hornworm (moth larva). The fly larvae develop by consuming the hornworm. • Many species of ichneumon wasps are parasitoids. ...
A review of parasites in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii
... speculation as to whether B. tasmaniensis could also cause larval migrans disease, but there have been no reports thus ...
... speculation as to whether B. tasmaniensis could also cause larval migrans disease, but there have been no reports thus ...
Chapter 29 - Nematodes: Filaroidea
... • They are believed to result from absorption of metabolic wastes produced by female worms during papule formation • In addition, cutaneous ulcers caused by female worms are common sites for bacterial infections • Female worms failing to reach the host skin sometimes cause reactions in deeper tissue ...
... • They are believed to result from absorption of metabolic wastes produced by female worms during papule formation • In addition, cutaneous ulcers caused by female worms are common sites for bacterial infections • Female worms failing to reach the host skin sometimes cause reactions in deeper tissue ...
Document
... of beech trees, which reduces the amount of nutrients available to the trees themselves. This interaction is best described as — A predatory B parasitic C commensalistic D mutualistic ...
... of beech trees, which reduces the amount of nutrients available to the trees themselves. This interaction is best described as — A predatory B parasitic C commensalistic D mutualistic ...
Chapter 12 Alcock (Animal Behavior)
... certain offspring and either allow them to starve or allow their siblings to kill them. • For example, in African Black Eagles the first hatched of two chicks attacks its younger sibling as soon as it hatches and pecks it to death. • Similarly in egrets (reiger), boobies (gent), pelicans and other b ...
... certain offspring and either allow them to starve or allow their siblings to kill them. • For example, in African Black Eagles the first hatched of two chicks attacks its younger sibling as soon as it hatches and pecks it to death. • Similarly in egrets (reiger), boobies (gent), pelicans and other b ...
reprint
... This is not to say that there is no evidence for host-plantinduced speciation in Heliconius. There are many examples, particularly within the H. melpomene group, of closely related species with divergent patterns of host plant use (Smiley, 1978; Gilbert, 1991), which would seem to support a model of ...
... This is not to say that there is no evidence for host-plantinduced speciation in Heliconius. There are many examples, particularly within the H. melpomene group, of closely related species with divergent patterns of host plant use (Smiley, 1978; Gilbert, 1991), which would seem to support a model of ...
The coexistence
... for the behaviour of young queens seeking adoption in conspecific colonies, which later reproduce by budding or fission. In polygynous species this is a reciprocal behaviour in that the "autoparasitic" generation may become host for the next generation. Therefore it should not be considered as "para ...
... for the behaviour of young queens seeking adoption in conspecific colonies, which later reproduce by budding or fission. In polygynous species this is a reciprocal behaviour in that the "autoparasitic" generation may become host for the next generation. Therefore it should not be considered as "para ...
Evidence for interspecific interactions in the ectoparasite infracommunity of a wild mammal
... infesting a host or incorrectly characterize the type of interaction [16–19]. Consequently, it has been suggested that studies employing experimental manipulations are better suited to identify interspecific relationships between parasite species infesting the same host [18–20]. The resilience (time ...
... infesting a host or incorrectly characterize the type of interaction [16–19]. Consequently, it has been suggested that studies employing experimental manipulations are better suited to identify interspecific relationships between parasite species infesting the same host [18–20]. The resilience (time ...
Interactions between species and the structure of helminth
... the best strategy, since realised niches of helminths are almost always more restricted than their fundamental niches (Bush & Holmes, 1986 b ; Stock & Holmes, 1988). However, other studies on gastrointestinal helminths with overlapping fundamental niches have not systematically found functional resp ...
... the best strategy, since realised niches of helminths are almost always more restricted than their fundamental niches (Bush & Holmes, 1986 b ; Stock & Holmes, 1988). However, other studies on gastrointestinal helminths with overlapping fundamental niches have not systematically found functional resp ...
Extinction thresholds in host–parasite dynamics
... time without new infections), or random extinction between epidemics, decreases as population size increases (Bartlett 1957). The recurrence of epidemics is facilitated by the continual influx of susceptible individuals, but is prevented by the random extinction of the infection. These extinctions a ...
... time without new infections), or random extinction between epidemics, decreases as population size increases (Bartlett 1957). The recurrence of epidemics is facilitated by the continual influx of susceptible individuals, but is prevented by the random extinction of the infection. These extinctions a ...
Behavioural influences on disease risk: implications for conservation
... growing concern for humans and wildlife (Daszak, Cunningham, & Hyatt, 2000; Dobson & Foufopoulos, 2001; Jones et al., 2008). Infectious diseases can be classified as emerging for several reasons, including an increase in prevalence or virulence in a host population, spread to a new population or spec ...
... growing concern for humans and wildlife (Daszak, Cunningham, & Hyatt, 2000; Dobson & Foufopoulos, 2001; Jones et al., 2008). Infectious diseases can be classified as emerging for several reasons, including an increase in prevalence or virulence in a host population, spread to a new population or spec ...
Macroecological patterns of species richness in parasite assemblages
... organization of parasite assemblages; they are artificial rather than biological entities, but have nevertheless been the subject of many macroecological studies. In fact, the studies discussed later use data from either the component community level or the parasite fauna level; these are at the rel ...
... organization of parasite assemblages; they are artificial rather than biological entities, but have nevertheless been the subject of many macroecological studies. In fact, the studies discussed later use data from either the component community level or the parasite fauna level; these are at the rel ...
Parasites of Hawaiian Stream Fishes: Sources and Impacts
... were examined for helminth parasites. The 14 species of helminths parasitizing native Hawaiian gobioid stream fishes include both species that are native to the archipelago and species that have been introduced in association with anthropogenic activities. Two sources of native parasites have been d ...
... were examined for helminth parasites. The 14 species of helminths parasitizing native Hawaiian gobioid stream fishes include both species that are native to the archipelago and species that have been introduced in association with anthropogenic activities. Two sources of native parasites have been d ...
ppt
... microparasites; immune response in hosts is typically absent or very shortlived; infections are often chronic as hosts are continually reinfected; examples include: helminths and arthropods Parasitoids – insects whose larvae develop by feeding on a single arthropod host and invariably kill that host ...
... microparasites; immune response in hosts is typically absent or very shortlived; infections are often chronic as hosts are continually reinfected; examples include: helminths and arthropods Parasitoids – insects whose larvae develop by feeding on a single arthropod host and invariably kill that host ...
Parasitism
In biology/ecology, parasitism is a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally parasite (in biological usage) referred primarily to organisms visible to the naked eye, or macroparasites (such as helminths). Parasite now includes microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa, viruses, and bacteria. Examples of parasites include the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms.Unlike predators, parasites typically do not kill their host, are generally much smaller than their host, and will often live in or on their host for an extended period. Both are special cases of consumer-resource interactions. Parasites show a high degree of specialization, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples of parasitism include interactions between vertebrate hosts and tapeworms, flukes, the Plasmodium species, and fleas. Parasitism differs from the parasitoid relationship in that parasitoids generally kill their hosts.Parasites reduce host biological fitness by general or specialized pathology, such as parasitic castration and impairment of secondary sex characteristics, to the modification of host behavior. Parasites increase their own fitness by exploiting hosts for resources necessary for their survival, e.g. food, water, heat, habitat, and transmission. Although parasitism applies unambiguously to many cases, it is part of a continuum of types of interactions between species, rather than an exclusive category. In many cases, it is difficult to demonstrate harm to the host. In others, there may be no apparent specialization on the part of the parasite, or the interaction between the organisms may remain short-lived.