A host-race of the cuckoo Cuculus canorus with nestlings attuned to
... Keywords: cuckoo; vocal communication; alarm calls; nestling begging; coevolution ...
... Keywords: cuckoo; vocal communication; alarm calls; nestling begging; coevolution ...
PARASITISM BY BROWN-HEADED C
... Brewer’s Sparrows, depressed the overall success rate. Brewer’s Sparrows in Alberta experienced high parasitism and also had high abandonment rates and low cowbird fledging success compared with some other host populations (Biermann et al. 1987). Sage Sparrows also abandon parasitized nests (Rich 19 ...
... Brewer’s Sparrows, depressed the overall success rate. Brewer’s Sparrows in Alberta experienced high parasitism and also had high abandonment rates and low cowbird fledging success compared with some other host populations (Biermann et al. 1987). Sage Sparrows also abandon parasitized nests (Rich 19 ...
Fungal virulence, vertebrate endothermy, and dinosaur extinction: is there a connection? Commentary
... in the lineages of pathogenic fungi are significantly older than their vertebrate animal hosts. Unlike the dermatophytes and commensal yeasts like Candida spp., the endemic fungi are pathogenic for mammals despite no obvious requirement for an animal host in their survival. In fact, human pathogenic ...
... in the lineages of pathogenic fungi are significantly older than their vertebrate animal hosts. Unlike the dermatophytes and commensal yeasts like Candida spp., the endemic fungi are pathogenic for mammals despite no obvious requirement for an animal host in their survival. In fact, human pathogenic ...
Yellow warbler defenses are retained in the
... model female cowbirds at their nests by uttering “seet” calls and rushing to the nest to sit tightly in the cup, and these behaviors are given less often to other avian species or nest predators (Hobson and Sealy 1989; Gill and Sealy 1996). Though other species of birds respond more intensely to adu ...
... model female cowbirds at their nests by uttering “seet” calls and rushing to the nest to sit tightly in the cup, and these behaviors are given less often to other avian species or nest predators (Hobson and Sealy 1989; Gill and Sealy 1996). Though other species of birds respond more intensely to adu ...
DEPARTAMENT DE ZOOLOGIA BIODIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF PARASITE BOOPS BOOPS
... parasite faunas were diverse, comprising c. 30-50% of the parasites of B. boops throughout its distributional range, except in Valencia and Barcelona where faunal richness was notably lower. A characteristic feature of the parasite communities in B. boops was the high representation of parasites wit ...
... parasite faunas were diverse, comprising c. 30-50% of the parasites of B. boops throughout its distributional range, except in Valencia and Barcelona where faunal richness was notably lower. A characteristic feature of the parasite communities in B. boops was the high representation of parasites wit ...
Ethology 119(4)
... increased rate of encounters with its prey, the predator would develop a search image for that particular prey. This would increase its predation success (within-generation time scale), consequently increasing the predator’s population density (between-generation time scale) and, thus, decreasing pr ...
... increased rate of encounters with its prey, the predator would develop a search image for that particular prey. This would increase its predation success (within-generation time scale), consequently increasing the predator’s population density (between-generation time scale) and, thus, decreasing pr ...
Epizoic Bryozoans on Predatory Pycnogonids from the South
... Bryozoans are typically poor space competitors (Soule and Soule 1977), but some bryozoans escape from competition for substratum space by erect growth (McKinney and Jackson 1989). However, many bryozoans are extremely effective at rapid colonization of young surfaces including the external surfaces ...
... Bryozoans are typically poor space competitors (Soule and Soule 1977), but some bryozoans escape from competition for substratum space by erect growth (McKinney and Jackson 1989). However, many bryozoans are extremely effective at rapid colonization of young surfaces including the external surfaces ...
Amoeba Provide Insight into the Origin of Virulence Chapter 1
... In general, human disease from fungi acquired from other hosts usually results from an alteration of the host–microbe relationship such that tissue damage affects homeostasis. For example, mucosal and/or systemic candidiasis is often a consequence of immune suppression, alterations in host bacterial ...
... In general, human disease from fungi acquired from other hosts usually results from an alteration of the host–microbe relationship such that tissue damage affects homeostasis. For example, mucosal and/or systemic candidiasis is often a consequence of immune suppression, alterations in host bacterial ...
Cannibalism amplifies the spread of vertically transmitted pathogens
... limit cases concerning how the host population is regulated. These limit cases occur rarely in real biological systems, but they are useful to delineate the range of possible effects of cannibalism on disease dynamics. This analysis is followed by two models that represent the intermediate region be ...
... limit cases concerning how the host population is regulated. These limit cases occur rarely in real biological systems, but they are useful to delineate the range of possible effects of cannibalism on disease dynamics. This analysis is followed by two models that represent the intermediate region be ...
(C) commensalism
... with a place of support so that they can get sufficient light and water, while they remain unaffected. C. commensalism 7. If raw fish is eaten it is possible that a small animal called a fluke will work its way into the body. This small animal takes nourishment from it, until it reaches the liver an ...
... with a place of support so that they can get sufficient light and water, while they remain unaffected. C. commensalism 7. If raw fish is eaten it is possible that a small animal called a fluke will work its way into the body. This small animal takes nourishment from it, until it reaches the liver an ...
Is invasion success explained by the enemy release hypothesis?
... between the effects of pathogenic and facilitative interactions. Thus a reduction in the negative effects of soil microbes could be the result of a reduction in negative interactions or a corresponding increase in the effects of facilitators. We therefore stress caution when citing the results of so ...
... between the effects of pathogenic and facilitative interactions. Thus a reduction in the negative effects of soil microbes could be the result of a reduction in negative interactions or a corresponding increase in the effects of facilitators. We therefore stress caution when citing the results of so ...
Egg predation and parasite prevalence in the invasive freshwater
... that they may also prey on the eggs or juveniles of other snails. However, M. tuberculata are generalist grazers and the ingestion of eggs may not be intentional, but an indirect effect of grazing. Another major concern with the introduction of exotic snails is the potential parasites that they may ...
... that they may also prey on the eggs or juveniles of other snails. However, M. tuberculata are generalist grazers and the ingestion of eggs may not be intentional, but an indirect effect of grazing. Another major concern with the introduction of exotic snails is the potential parasites that they may ...
Effects of landscape context on herbivory and parasitism at different
... cruciferous species Brassica campestris and the cabbage Brassica oleracera. Oilseed rape is an important cultivated plant species in Germany covering about 1.2 million ha (Saaten-Union 1999). The expansion of rape area in the last decades has been followed by an increase of rape pollen beetle abunda ...
... cruciferous species Brassica campestris and the cabbage Brassica oleracera. Oilseed rape is an important cultivated plant species in Germany covering about 1.2 million ha (Saaten-Union 1999). The expansion of rape area in the last decades has been followed by an increase of rape pollen beetle abunda ...
MacNeil, Calum, Jaimie T. A. Dick, Mark P. Johnson, Melanie J
... Predation and parasitism in an invasion site prevalence can be high (defined for our study as the frequency of parasitized hosts per sample unit). Amphipods harbor a range of acanthocephalan, protozoan, and microsporidian parasites (Dunn and Dick 1998; MacNeil et al. 2003a,c), and yet studies rarel ...
... Predation and parasitism in an invasion site prevalence can be high (defined for our study as the frequency of parasitized hosts per sample unit). Amphipods harbor a range of acanthocephalan, protozoan, and microsporidian parasites (Dunn and Dick 1998; MacNeil et al. 2003a,c), and yet studies rarel ...
stability of terrestrial ecosystems as to pest organisms
... birds peck acorns, but a part of them slips out from their paws and falls on the soil surface, where they get out of birds’ vision, and germinate. The protective role of the form and the structure of an acorn surface were described by M.G. Kholodnyi (1941). This is a case of cooperation of CESPPs 2. ...
... birds peck acorns, but a part of them slips out from their paws and falls on the soil surface, where they get out of birds’ vision, and germinate. The protective role of the form and the structure of an acorn surface were described by M.G. Kholodnyi (1941). This is a case of cooperation of CESPPs 2. ...
Spatiotemporal Model of Barley and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus
... patches. Aphid population growth depends on the relative densities of annual and perennial hosts, because aphids show both a preference for annual grasses and higher performance (fecundity) on annual hosts (Borer et al. 2009). During the dry season, it is assumed that all infected aphids die, while ...
... patches. Aphid population growth depends on the relative densities of annual and perennial hosts, because aphids show both a preference for annual grasses and higher performance (fecundity) on annual hosts (Borer et al. 2009). During the dry season, it is assumed that all infected aphids die, while ...
Trojan Horses of the microbial world
... same organisms are eradicated. At low temperatures acanthamoebae may phagocytose and digest Leg. pnetrmophila as food (Anand e t al., 1983), or evict the phagosomes containing legionellae as faecal vesicles (T. Rowbotham, personal communication). Alternatively, at higher temperatures after infection ...
... same organisms are eradicated. At low temperatures acanthamoebae may phagocytose and digest Leg. pnetrmophila as food (Anand e t al., 1983), or evict the phagosomes containing legionellae as faecal vesicles (T. Rowbotham, personal communication). Alternatively, at higher temperatures after infection ...
Enemy-free space via host plant chemistry and dispersion
... would provide circumstantial support for the Bernays and Graham (1988) view that predation is an important selective force for feeding specialization by insect herbivores. In this review, I focus on some of the evidence for these corollaries. Effect of allelochemical-containing prey on natural enemi ...
... would provide circumstantial support for the Bernays and Graham (1988) view that predation is an important selective force for feeding specialization by insect herbivores. In this review, I focus on some of the evidence for these corollaries. Effect of allelochemical-containing prey on natural enemi ...
Ecological niche of plant pathogens
... and dynamics of pathogens in natural and man-made environments. Defining and describing the ecological niche of the pathogens is one of the major tasks for ecological theory, as well as for practitioners preoccupied with the control and forecasting of established and emerging diseases. Niche theory ...
... and dynamics of pathogens in natural and man-made environments. Defining and describing the ecological niche of the pathogens is one of the major tasks for ecological theory, as well as for practitioners preoccupied with the control and forecasting of established and emerging diseases. Niche theory ...
Prey, predators, parasites: intraguild predation or simpler community
... when a predator P grazes upon a prey population that is affected by an infectious disease. The disease splits the otherwise homogeneous prey population into a susceptible portion A and an infected portion B. Because both groups are subject to predation by P, the susceptibles A may be considered as a ...
... when a predator P grazes upon a prey population that is affected by an infectious disease. The disease splits the otherwise homogeneous prey population into a susceptible portion A and an infected portion B. Because both groups are subject to predation by P, the susceptibles A may be considered as a ...
- Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
... host range. They are important in controlling many crop field insect pests like Lepidoptera and Diptera as shown in table 1. Braconids have been particularly heavily involved in the socalled classical biological control of insect pests and more recently in integrated pest management programmes, ofte ...
... host range. They are important in controlling many crop field insect pests like Lepidoptera and Diptera as shown in table 1. Braconids have been particularly heavily involved in the socalled classical biological control of insect pests and more recently in integrated pest management programmes, ofte ...
Virus Specificity in Disease Systems: Are Species Redundant?
... and on their vectors. Moreover, we have reliable data on such dependencies for hundreds of species, allowing us to ask questions that are difficult to ask in many other systems. ...
... and on their vectors. Moreover, we have reliable data on such dependencies for hundreds of species, allowing us to ask questions that are difficult to ask in many other systems. ...
按一下以新增標題
... The five islands without the predatory owl were home to only one species, the coal tit (山雀) However, in the presence of the owl, the coal tit was always joined by two larger tit species. ...
... The five islands without the predatory owl were home to only one species, the coal tit (山雀) However, in the presence of the owl, the coal tit was always joined by two larger tit species. ...
Coexistence of two anemonefishes, Amphiprion clarkii and A
... clarkii Interspecific suppression of reproduction has been reported in two competing damselfishes (genus Dascyllus) which inhabit the same corals (Shpigel & Fishelson 1986) . The two species do not differ greatly in body size and behavior, and frequently interact with each other in the host corals . ...
... clarkii Interspecific suppression of reproduction has been reported in two competing damselfishes (genus Dascyllus) which inhabit the same corals (Shpigel & Fishelson 1986) . The two species do not differ greatly in body size and behavior, and frequently interact with each other in the host corals . ...
diversity, ecosystem function, and stability of parasitoid
... parasitoid diversity on an ecosystem function (parasitism rates) and temporal variability in this function. In accordance with predictions of complementary host use, parasitism rates increased with increasing diversity, not simply abundance, of parasitoids. In contrast, parasitism decreased with inc ...
... parasitoid diversity on an ecosystem function (parasitism rates) and temporal variability in this function. In accordance with predictions of complementary host use, parasitism rates increased with increasing diversity, not simply abundance, of parasitoids. In contrast, parasitism decreased with inc ...
Parasitism
In biology/ecology, parasitism is a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally parasite (in biological usage) referred primarily to organisms visible to the naked eye, or macroparasites (such as helminths). Parasite now includes microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa, viruses, and bacteria. Examples of parasites include the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms.Unlike predators, parasites typically do not kill their host, are generally much smaller than their host, and will often live in or on their host for an extended period. Both are special cases of consumer-resource interactions. Parasites show a high degree of specialization, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples of parasitism include interactions between vertebrate hosts and tapeworms, flukes, the Plasmodium species, and fleas. Parasitism differs from the parasitoid relationship in that parasitoids generally kill their hosts.Parasites reduce host biological fitness by general or specialized pathology, such as parasitic castration and impairment of secondary sex characteristics, to the modification of host behavior. Parasites increase their own fitness by exploiting hosts for resources necessary for their survival, e.g. food, water, heat, habitat, and transmission. Although parasitism applies unambiguously to many cases, it is part of a continuum of types of interactions between species, rather than an exclusive category. In many cases, it is difficult to demonstrate harm to the host. In others, there may be no apparent specialization on the part of the parasite, or the interaction between the organisms may remain short-lived.