Parasitoids of European Butterflies
... more evolutionary treatments of different aspects of behaviour and biology. Parasitoids of butterflies fall into two insect orders, Diptera and Hymenoptera. In both cases the adults are free-living and the larvae develop (whether solitarily or gregariously) by feeding on a single immature host which ...
... more evolutionary treatments of different aspects of behaviour and biology. Parasitoids of butterflies fall into two insect orders, Diptera and Hymenoptera. In both cases the adults are free-living and the larvae develop (whether solitarily or gregariously) by feeding on a single immature host which ...
Developments in Social Evolution and Virulence in Parasites
... virulent clinical infections. (4) Using bacteria and their naturally infecting viruses (bacteriophage), I take an experimental approach to investigate the consequences of coinfection for parasite life history traits, and find that viruses cultured under a mix of single infections and coinfections ev ...
... virulent clinical infections. (4) Using bacteria and their naturally infecting viruses (bacteriophage), I take an experimental approach to investigate the consequences of coinfection for parasite life history traits, and find that viruses cultured under a mix of single infections and coinfections ev ...
Biological Control - Parasite Ecology Group
... hyperparasitoids. Obligate means that these organisms are never primary parasitoids; facultative hyperparasitoids may act as primary parasitoids whenever development occurs in an unparasitized host. Negative facultative interactions include suppression of first-instar parasitoids by previously estab ...
... hyperparasitoids. Obligate means that these organisms are never primary parasitoids; facultative hyperparasitoids may act as primary parasitoids whenever development occurs in an unparasitized host. Negative facultative interactions include suppression of first-instar parasitoids by previously estab ...
Trophic interactions and population structure of the large blue
... appease ants and in return gain ant protection against predators and parasitoids. In order to produce these secretions, caterpillars must feed on high quality food plants or nitrogen-rich parts of plants such as flowers. Parasitoids are thought to be major selective factors that shaped the variety o ...
... appease ants and in return gain ant protection against predators and parasitoids. In order to produce these secretions, caterpillars must feed on high quality food plants or nitrogen-rich parts of plants such as flowers. Parasitoids are thought to be major selective factors that shaped the variety o ...
Click here - Graduate Training in Risk Analysis for Introduced
... Entomophagous Insects Conference to be held in Europe in 2011, the 3rd in N. America in 2013, and so on. This alternating pattern should further support our goal of increased communication among researchers in North America, Europe and beyond. We are very excited by the line-up both of the poster an ...
... Entomophagous Insects Conference to be held in Europe in 2011, the 3rd in N. America in 2013, and so on. This alternating pattern should further support our goal of increased communication among researchers in North America, Europe and beyond. We are very excited by the line-up both of the poster an ...
Grasshopper Mortality: Pathogens, Parasites, and Predators
... parasites, and predators is high. Grasshoppers have numerous natural enemies. Most grasshopper species have high fecundity levels and can replace themselves several times over. Most female grasshoppers that survive to the adult stage typically produce 100 to 200 fertile eggs. Without the activities ...
... parasites, and predators is high. Grasshoppers have numerous natural enemies. Most grasshopper species have high fecundity levels and can replace themselves several times over. Most female grasshoppers that survive to the adult stage typically produce 100 to 200 fertile eggs. Without the activities ...
Liana cooccurrence patterns in a temperate rainforest
... exposure (south), thus ensuring an even distribution between the two major forest habitats within the reserve. All woody plants within each plot were inspected for lianas, and species identities of liana–host interactions were noted. Host size has been found to influence liana– host interactions (Ch ...
... exposure (south), thus ensuring an even distribution between the two major forest habitats within the reserve. All woody plants within each plot were inspected for lianas, and species identities of liana–host interactions were noted. Host size has been found to influence liana– host interactions (Ch ...
Specific Hypotheses on the Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution
... scale at which interactions evolve and coevolve will require long-term analyses of a small set of model interactions such as those developed in the articles in this volume. Each component of the geographic mosaic framework is testable, but most of the tests fall outside the boundaries of what is pra ...
... scale at which interactions evolve and coevolve will require long-term analyses of a small set of model interactions such as those developed in the articles in this volume. Each component of the geographic mosaic framework is testable, but most of the tests fall outside the boundaries of what is pra ...
S. altissima
... bud (Fig. 1)(1). Fly galls are subject to predation from birds and other insects, including a beetle and two parasitic wasps (1). This interaction has been used to demonstrate balancing selection and to study trophic interactions (1,2,3). An open question remains whether host plant or habitat specia ...
... bud (Fig. 1)(1). Fly galls are subject to predation from birds and other insects, including a beetle and two parasitic wasps (1). This interaction has been used to demonstrate balancing selection and to study trophic interactions (1,2,3). An open question remains whether host plant or habitat specia ...
population dynamics of two species of kleptoparasitic spiders
... from that of the temperate area, which is unrelated to competitive interactions with A. flavescens. It would be difficult to test whether there is a causal relationship between the dynamics of the two Argyrodes species because large scale experimental manipulation is necessary. Host composition appe ...
... from that of the temperate area, which is unrelated to competitive interactions with A. flavescens. It would be difficult to test whether there is a causal relationship between the dynamics of the two Argyrodes species because large scale experimental manipulation is necessary. Host composition appe ...
Host-released dimethylsulphide activates the dinoflagellate
... while a confined coastal bloom of A. minutum (ca. 1000 cells per ml 1) on 7 March 2012 had a DMS concentration of 217 nM. As DMS is a short-lived substance in seawater (Pinhassi et al., 2005), where it is consumed by bacteria and photolysis, the threshold found here for the activation of the dormant ...
... while a confined coastal bloom of A. minutum (ca. 1000 cells per ml 1) on 7 March 2012 had a DMS concentration of 217 nM. As DMS is a short-lived substance in seawater (Pinhassi et al., 2005), where it is consumed by bacteria and photolysis, the threshold found here for the activation of the dormant ...
Influence of Alternate Host Densities on Brown
... with host density in Illinois (Robinson and Wilcove 1994). If cowbirds respond to cumulative host densities, coexistence of host species may increase the probability of parasitism on each other (Martin 1992). On the other hand, Yellow Warblers (0. petechia) had lower parasitism rates in areas with h ...
... with host density in Illinois (Robinson and Wilcove 1994). If cowbirds respond to cumulative host densities, coexistence of host species may increase the probability of parasitism on each other (Martin 1992). On the other hand, Yellow Warblers (0. petechia) had lower parasitism rates in areas with h ...
Malaria Quick Facts (from www.cdc.gov/malaria) Malaria in the
... Malaria is not contagious. It is not spread from person to person like a cold or the flu, and it cannot be sexually transmitted. You cannot get malaria from casual contact with malaria-infected people, such as sitting next to someone who has malaria. Malaria Life Cycle ...
... Malaria is not contagious. It is not spread from person to person like a cold or the flu, and it cannot be sexually transmitted. You cannot get malaria from casual contact with malaria-infected people, such as sitting next to someone who has malaria. Malaria Life Cycle ...
Parasites Affect Food Web Structure Primarily through Increased
... diversity and complexity should not be characterized as changes in food web structure. Second, while adding parasites and their links generally does alter network structure properties, as noted by prior studies for a few metrics [41–49], there is usually an assumption that such changes result from u ...
... diversity and complexity should not be characterized as changes in food web structure. Second, while adding parasites and their links generally does alter network structure properties, as noted by prior studies for a few metrics [41–49], there is usually an assumption that such changes result from u ...
Evolutionary Arguments on Aging, Disease, and Other Topics
... From a speculative point of view, I think that evolution can be defined as: a complex phenomenon that is predictable to an extent proportional to the available data on the basis of probabilistic arguments. This definition is, in itself, enough to attract a criticism that I wish to draw the reader’s ...
... From a speculative point of view, I think that evolution can be defined as: a complex phenomenon that is predictable to an extent proportional to the available data on the basis of probabilistic arguments. This definition is, in itself, enough to attract a criticism that I wish to draw the reader’s ...
The effect of obligate hyperparasitoids on biological control: Differential
... A majority of studies have shown that presence of obligate hyperparasitoids increases herbivory as insect pest populations are often released from the strong top-down effect of primary parasitoids (Bourchier and Nealis, 1992; Eichhorn, 1996; Boenisch et al., 1997; Lei and Hanski, 1997; Rosenheim, 19 ...
... A majority of studies have shown that presence of obligate hyperparasitoids increases herbivory as insect pest populations are often released from the strong top-down effect of primary parasitoids (Bourchier and Nealis, 1992; Eichhorn, 1996; Boenisch et al., 1997; Lei and Hanski, 1997; Rosenheim, 19 ...
Drivers of host plant shifts in the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica
... as it infests a number of leaf beetles, including both species that do and do not sequester SGs (Dowden, 1939; Urban, 1997, 2005). Cleonice nitidiuscula was reared from only two SG-using leaf beetle species (Richter & Zvereva, 1996), and therefore, we assumed that it is a specialist parasitoid. Phor ...
... as it infests a number of leaf beetles, including both species that do and do not sequester SGs (Dowden, 1939; Urban, 1997, 2005). Cleonice nitidiuscula was reared from only two SG-using leaf beetle species (Richter & Zvereva, 1996), and therefore, we assumed that it is a specialist parasitoid. Phor ...
Zootaxa, A new social parasite in the ant genus Ectatomma
... ant Ectatomma tuberculatum: a new case of social parasitism. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 59, 285–292. Hora, R.R., Fénerón, R., Valenzuela, J., Favila, M. E. & Fresneau, D. (2001) Queen-size dimorphism in the ant Ectatomma tuberculatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Sociobiology, 38, ...
... ant Ectatomma tuberculatum: a new case of social parasitism. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 59, 285–292. Hora, R.R., Fénerón, R., Valenzuela, J., Favila, M. E. & Fresneau, D. (2001) Queen-size dimorphism in the ant Ectatomma tuberculatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Sociobiology, 38, ...
Conspecific Brood Parasitism in Birds: A Life
... Far less well appreciated are the conspecific brood parasites who lay eggs in the nests of other individuals of their own species, but provide no subsequent care for the eggs. Although no less puzzling than its interspecific counterpart, conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) has received much less attenti ...
... Far less well appreciated are the conspecific brood parasites who lay eggs in the nests of other individuals of their own species, but provide no subsequent care for the eggs. Although no less puzzling than its interspecific counterpart, conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) has received much less attenti ...
Ecological Entomology - University of Denver
... Abstract. 1. The bottom-up factors that determine parasitoid host use are an important area of research in insect ecology. Host size is likely to be a primary cue for foraging parasitoids due to its potential influence on offspring development time, the risk of multiparasitism, and host immunocompet ...
... Abstract. 1. The bottom-up factors that determine parasitoid host use are an important area of research in insect ecology. Host size is likely to be a primary cue for foraging parasitoids due to its potential influence on offspring development time, the risk of multiparasitism, and host immunocompet ...
Butterfly Insect Parasitoid Fauna
... Siphonaptera) rarely kill their hosts directly due to their feeding actions. This is in stark contrast to many acellular or cellular pathogens, (such as pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi) which may produce mortality levels as high as 100 percent in their host populations. Furthermore, if a mul ...
... Siphonaptera) rarely kill their hosts directly due to their feeding actions. This is in stark contrast to many acellular or cellular pathogens, (such as pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi) which may produce mortality levels as high as 100 percent in their host populations. Furthermore, if a mul ...
Social Lives - Manta Trust
... A clarion angelfish cleans ectoparasites off the tail of an oceanic manta ray at Mexico's Revillagigedo Islands. ...
... A clarion angelfish cleans ectoparasites off the tail of an oceanic manta ray at Mexico's Revillagigedo Islands. ...
Biological Conservation 141:601-609
... two morphs on different food types, perhaps coupled with intra- or inter-specific competition. Indeed, intermediate birds survive at lower rates between years in comparison to large and small morphs (A.P. Hendry et al., unpublished data). In addition to determining the effects of P. downsi parasitis ...
... two morphs on different food types, perhaps coupled with intra- or inter-specific competition. Indeed, intermediate birds survive at lower rates between years in comparison to large and small morphs (A.P. Hendry et al., unpublished data). In addition to determining the effects of P. downsi parasitis ...
Sympatric Speciation in Insects
... 1993). Their small size allows insects to subdivide habitats and specialize on resources that large animals are unable to exploit. Frequently, much of the life cycle occurs exclusively on the resource, which is particularly important since it induces assortative mating. Specialization permits a habi ...
... 1993). Their small size allows insects to subdivide habitats and specialize on resources that large animals are unable to exploit. Frequently, much of the life cycle occurs exclusively on the resource, which is particularly important since it induces assortative mating. Specialization permits a habi ...
Parasitism
In biology/ecology, parasitism is a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally parasite (in biological usage) referred primarily to organisms visible to the naked eye, or macroparasites (such as helminths). Parasite now includes microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa, viruses, and bacteria. Examples of parasites include the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms.Unlike predators, parasites typically do not kill their host, are generally much smaller than their host, and will often live in or on their host for an extended period. Both are special cases of consumer-resource interactions. Parasites show a high degree of specialization, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples of parasitism include interactions between vertebrate hosts and tapeworms, flukes, the Plasmodium species, and fleas. Parasitism differs from the parasitoid relationship in that parasitoids generally kill their hosts.Parasites reduce host biological fitness by general or specialized pathology, such as parasitic castration and impairment of secondary sex characteristics, to the modification of host behavior. Parasites increase their own fitness by exploiting hosts for resources necessary for their survival, e.g. food, water, heat, habitat, and transmission. Although parasitism applies unambiguously to many cases, it is part of a continuum of types of interactions between species, rather than an exclusive category. In many cases, it is difficult to demonstrate harm to the host. In others, there may be no apparent specialization on the part of the parasite, or the interaction between the organisms may remain short-lived.