The role of biotic factors in the transmission of free
... the abiotic and biotic conditions of any given locality are likely to be altered by the large-scale anthropogenic impacts. It is crucial to understand how these altered conditions will modulate the transmission and infection success of parasites in natural communities if we want to anticipate potent ...
... the abiotic and biotic conditions of any given locality are likely to be altered by the large-scale anthropogenic impacts. It is crucial to understand how these altered conditions will modulate the transmission and infection success of parasites in natural communities if we want to anticipate potent ...
Anthelmintics - Dr. Brahmbhatt`s Class Handouts
... larvae eaten is a primary goal of any control program – If possible, mechanically harvesting spring grass will eliminate a large percentage of infective larvae, which die as hay is cured. – Yearly rotation of pasture using other species, such as horses, helps break the parasitic cycle since there is ...
... larvae eaten is a primary goal of any control program – If possible, mechanically harvesting spring grass will eliminate a large percentage of infective larvae, which die as hay is cured. – Yearly rotation of pasture using other species, such as horses, helps break the parasitic cycle since there is ...
Parasitic plants: parallels and contrasts with herbivores
... magnitude among hosts, with some hosts barely sufficient to support the parasite’s life and others supporting vigorous growth and reproduction (Atsatt and Strong 1970; Chuang and Heckard 1971; Snogerup 1982; Kelly 1990; Gibson and Watkinson 1991; Seel et al. 1993; Matthies 1996, 1997, 1998). Typical ...
... magnitude among hosts, with some hosts barely sufficient to support the parasite’s life and others supporting vigorous growth and reproduction (Atsatt and Strong 1970; Chuang and Heckard 1971; Snogerup 1982; Kelly 1990; Gibson and Watkinson 1991; Seel et al. 1993; Matthies 1996, 1997, 1998). Typical ...
Local adaptation and ecological genetics of host
... spinosissimum available and is exclusively found on this plant. Finally, the population at Col du Petit Saint Bernard has both A. alliariae and C. spinosissimum in its habitat and all life stages of O. elongata can be found on both host-species. The shortest distance between any of these populations ...
... spinosissimum available and is exclusively found on this plant. Finally, the population at Col du Petit Saint Bernard has both A. alliariae and C. spinosissimum in its habitat and all life stages of O. elongata can be found on both host-species. The shortest distance between any of these populations ...
MIKROBIOLOGI DASAR
... 3. Mutualism is the living together of two or more organisms in an association in which both members benefit. 4. Gnotobiotic refers to a microbiologically monitored environment or animal in which the identities of all microorganisms present are known or that is germfree. 5. Most microorganisms assoc ...
... 3. Mutualism is the living together of two or more organisms in an association in which both members benefit. 4. Gnotobiotic refers to a microbiologically monitored environment or animal in which the identities of all microorganisms present are known or that is germfree. 5. Most microorganisms assoc ...
blood parasites in penguins, and their
... circulation patterns (Fordyce & Jones 1990). Thus as a group they would have been relatively isolated from exposure to the diversity of avian parasites at lower latitudes. The ancestors of the four genera of haematozoa which infect penguins, now usually occurring at low prevalence and intensity, and ...
... circulation patterns (Fordyce & Jones 1990). Thus as a group they would have been relatively isolated from exposure to the diversity of avian parasites at lower latitudes. The ancestors of the four genera of haematozoa which infect penguins, now usually occurring at low prevalence and intensity, and ...
Significance of Plankton Community Structure and Nutrient
... boosting dinoflagellate growth rates (bottom-up control) [6], but also by changing the structure and dynamics of plankton communities, including grazers and parasites that are natural enemies of dinoflagellates (top-down control) [7–9]. Amongst the top-down mechanisms influencing dinoflagellate bloo ...
... boosting dinoflagellate growth rates (bottom-up control) [6], but also by changing the structure and dynamics of plankton communities, including grazers and parasites that are natural enemies of dinoflagellates (top-down control) [7–9]. Amongst the top-down mechanisms influencing dinoflagellate bloo ...
Non-random patterns of host use by the different parasite species
... different purposes by their parasites. First, invertebrate hosts are used as a source of nutrients by many parasites. This means that competitive interactions can exist and cause some of the observed patterns of host use by parasites of invertebrates. For instance, Kuris & Lafferty (1994) surveyed t ...
... different purposes by their parasites. First, invertebrate hosts are used as a source of nutrients by many parasites. This means that competitive interactions can exist and cause some of the observed patterns of host use by parasites of invertebrates. For instance, Kuris & Lafferty (1994) surveyed t ...
Reciprocal Trophic Interactions and Transmission of Blood Parasites
... Insects 2012, 3, 410-423; doi:10.3390/insects3020410 ...
... Insects 2012, 3, 410-423; doi:10.3390/insects3020410 ...
Significance of Plankton Community Structure and Nutrient
... boosting dinoflagellate growth rates (bottom-up control) [6], but also by changing the structure and dynamics of plankton communities, including grazers and parasites that are natural enemies of dinoflagellates (top-down control) [7–9]. Amongst the top-down mechanisms influencing dinoflagellate bloo ...
... boosting dinoflagellate growth rates (bottom-up control) [6], but also by changing the structure and dynamics of plankton communities, including grazers and parasites that are natural enemies of dinoflagellates (top-down control) [7–9]. Amongst the top-down mechanisms influencing dinoflagellate bloo ...
Lec.9 Intestinal sporozoa
... Microspora spp the causative agents of microsporosis or intestinal microspordiosis. The most important species are Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Transmission is by characteristic spores. They are parasites with intracellular development and spore formation. The host spect ...
... Microspora spp the causative agents of microsporosis or intestinal microspordiosis. The most important species are Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Transmission is by characteristic spores. They are parasites with intracellular development and spore formation. The host spect ...
diversity relationsh
... diversity. Thus, increases in host diversity drive an overall increase in parasite richness in all host species, rather than by adding specialised parasites infectious to only one or a few host species (Fig. 1b). Finally, if the key determinant of parasite diversity is variation in niche opportuniti ...
... diversity. Thus, increases in host diversity drive an overall increase in parasite richness in all host species, rather than by adding specialised parasites infectious to only one or a few host species (Fig. 1b). Finally, if the key determinant of parasite diversity is variation in niche opportuniti ...
The ecology of infectious disease: Effects of host diversity and
... species-rich communities have mice, plus many other potential hosts, which should dilute the impact of mice by feeding but rarely infecting ticks. The resulting expectation, the Dilution Effect hypothesis, is decreasing infection prevalence in the tick population with increasing host diversity. The ...
... species-rich communities have mice, plus many other potential hosts, which should dilute the impact of mice by feeding but rarely infecting ticks. The resulting expectation, the Dilution Effect hypothesis, is decreasing infection prevalence in the tick population with increasing host diversity. The ...
How parasites divide resources: a test of the niche apportionment
... ecology. To describe species abundance patterns several statistical models have been proposed, e.g. the log-normal distribution, but these do not provide an ecological explanation of the underlying processes. 2. Tokeshi introduced (1990) and developed (1993, 1996, 1999) a series of niche-orientated ...
... ecology. To describe species abundance patterns several statistical models have been proposed, e.g. the log-normal distribution, but these do not provide an ecological explanation of the underlying processes. 2. Tokeshi introduced (1990) and developed (1993, 1996, 1999) a series of niche-orientated ...
Getting into hot water: sick guppies frequent warmer thermal
... stress can reduce host immunocompetence thereby increasing disease susceptibility in ectotherms (Rohr and Raffel 2010). Interactions between these factors ultimately determine whether infections lead to severe pathology and even mortality, or host recovery. Parasites also respond directly to thermal ...
... stress can reduce host immunocompetence thereby increasing disease susceptibility in ectotherms (Rohr and Raffel 2010). Interactions between these factors ultimately determine whether infections lead to severe pathology and even mortality, or host recovery. Parasites also respond directly to thermal ...
mechanisms used by some parasitic protozoa to evade the immune
... forming parasite nests or pseudocysts, particularly in cardiac muscle fibres. The disease is frequently lethal in children and infants, but in adults the initial infection often turns into a chronic disease, sometimes after a long interval, causing an illness characterized by megacardia with megacol ...
... forming parasite nests or pseudocysts, particularly in cardiac muscle fibres. The disease is frequently lethal in children and infants, but in adults the initial infection often turns into a chronic disease, sometimes after a long interval, causing an illness characterized by megacardia with megacol ...
Parasite Manipulation of Host Behavior
... greater transmission success than conspecifics not capable of altering host behavior. Although this has only been confirmed in a small proportion of documented cases of parasite-induced changes in host behavior, it remains the strongest evidence one can obtain of adaptive manipulation. For trophical ...
... greater transmission success than conspecifics not capable of altering host behavior. Although this has only been confirmed in a small proportion of documented cases of parasite-induced changes in host behavior, it remains the strongest evidence one can obtain of adaptive manipulation. For trophical ...
Longitudinal monitoring of parasites in individual wild primates
... Macro- and microparasite The difference between micro- and macroparasites is not clear-cut and thus more one of convenience. In general, parasitic viruses, bacteria and protists are considered microparasites while animal parasites are macroparasites. Macroparasites tend to have different epidemiolog ...
... Macro- and microparasite The difference between micro- and macroparasites is not clear-cut and thus more one of convenience. In general, parasitic viruses, bacteria and protists are considered microparasites while animal parasites are macroparasites. Macroparasites tend to have different epidemiolog ...
Document
... of beech trees, which reduces the amount of nutrients available to the trees themselves. This interaction is best described as — A predatory B parasitic C commensalistic D mutualistic ...
... of beech trees, which reduces the amount of nutrients available to the trees themselves. This interaction is best described as — A predatory B parasitic C commensalistic D mutualistic ...
Consumers indirectly increase infection risk in grassland food webs
... because consumer, host, vector, and pathogen populations can be experimentally manipulated at relevant spatial scales in the field (12). Host life history appears to play an important role in disease transmission in West Coast grasslands; aphid vectors prefer and perform better on annual grasses com ...
... because consumer, host, vector, and pathogen populations can be experimentally manipulated at relevant spatial scales in the field (12). Host life history appears to play an important role in disease transmission in West Coast grasslands; aphid vectors prefer and perform better on annual grasses com ...
Oecologia (1994) 97:326-332 Springer-Verlag 1994 ORIGINAL PAPER
... and as such offer more complex than gut helminths, interactions among species. potential between species Our study concerns the relationship host. Over 170 of Plasmodium within their vertebrate Plasmodium (Schall 1990a), species have been described hosts are exploited and some vertebrate by two, thr ...
... and as such offer more complex than gut helminths, interactions among species. potential between species Our study concerns the relationship host. Over 170 of Plasmodium within their vertebrate Plasmodium (Schall 1990a), species have been described hosts are exploited and some vertebrate by two, thr ...
Species Coexistence and Pathogens with
... 1993; Lockhart et al. 1996). Frequency dependence also provides a reasonable approximation for vector-transmitted diseases when vectors actively search for their hosts and compensate for increased host spacing by increasing their flight distances (Antonovics et al. 1995). Indeed, pathogens that are ...
... 1993; Lockhart et al. 1996). Frequency dependence also provides a reasonable approximation for vector-transmitted diseases when vectors actively search for their hosts and compensate for increased host spacing by increasing their flight distances (Antonovics et al. 1995). Indeed, pathogens that are ...
Four Central Points About Coevolution | SpringerLink
... et al. 2002; Douglas 2009; Noda et al. 2009; Round and Mazmanian 2009). Natural selection, then, does not adapt species in some general way to their “local environment.” Much of evolution is driven by natural selection directly favoring those individuals best able to co-opt the entire genetic machin ...
... et al. 2002; Douglas 2009; Noda et al. 2009; Round and Mazmanian 2009). Natural selection, then, does not adapt species in some general way to their “local environment.” Much of evolution is driven by natural selection directly favoring those individuals best able to co-opt the entire genetic machin ...
Four Central Points About Coevolution | SpringerLink
... et al. 2002; Douglas 2009; Noda et al. 2009; Round and Mazmanian 2009). Natural selection, then, does not adapt species in some general way to their “local environment.” Much of evolution is driven by natural selection directly favoring those individuals best able to co-opt the entire genetic machin ...
... et al. 2002; Douglas 2009; Noda et al. 2009; Round and Mazmanian 2009). Natural selection, then, does not adapt species in some general way to their “local environment.” Much of evolution is driven by natural selection directly favoring those individuals best able to co-opt the entire genetic machin ...
Parasitism
In biology/ecology, parasitism is a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally parasite (in biological usage) referred primarily to organisms visible to the naked eye, or macroparasites (such as helminths). Parasite now includes microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa, viruses, and bacteria. Examples of parasites include the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms.Unlike predators, parasites typically do not kill their host, are generally much smaller than their host, and will often live in or on their host for an extended period. Both are special cases of consumer-resource interactions. Parasites show a high degree of specialization, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples of parasitism include interactions between vertebrate hosts and tapeworms, flukes, the Plasmodium species, and fleas. Parasitism differs from the parasitoid relationship in that parasitoids generally kill their hosts.Parasites reduce host biological fitness by general or specialized pathology, such as parasitic castration and impairment of secondary sex characteristics, to the modification of host behavior. Parasites increase their own fitness by exploiting hosts for resources necessary for their survival, e.g. food, water, heat, habitat, and transmission. Although parasitism applies unambiguously to many cases, it is part of a continuum of types of interactions between species, rather than an exclusive category. In many cases, it is difficult to demonstrate harm to the host. In others, there may be no apparent specialization on the part of the parasite, or the interaction between the organisms may remain short-lived.