http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/Zika-virus-French-Polynesia-rapid-risk-assessment.pdf
... Zika diagnosis is primarily based on detection of viral RNA from clinical specimens. The viraemic period has not been established but is believed to be short, allowing for direct virus detection during the first 3–5 days after onset of symptoms [1,14]. Specific assays have been published for Asian a ...
... Zika diagnosis is primarily based on detection of viral RNA from clinical specimens. The viraemic period has not been established but is believed to be short, allowing for direct virus detection during the first 3–5 days after onset of symptoms [1,14]. Specific assays have been published for Asian a ...
Fitness Variations and their Impact on the Evolution of - retic-ris
... due to its rapid turnover, high mutation rate, and high frequency of recombination. Its remarkable genetic diversity plays a key role in virus adaptation, including development of drug resistance. The increasing complexity of antiretroviral regimens has favored selection of HIV variants harboring mu ...
... due to its rapid turnover, high mutation rate, and high frequency of recombination. Its remarkable genetic diversity plays a key role in virus adaptation, including development of drug resistance. The increasing complexity of antiretroviral regimens has favored selection of HIV variants harboring mu ...
West Nile virus (WNV) - Boston Public Health Commission
... How is West Nile virus spread? WNV is most often spread to people when an infected mosquito bites them. Mosquitoes get WNV when they bite an infected bird. People cannot get WNV directly from birds. Although extremely rare, WNV can also be spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, and fr ...
... How is West Nile virus spread? WNV is most often spread to people when an infected mosquito bites them. Mosquitoes get WNV when they bite an infected bird. People cannot get WNV directly from birds. Although extremely rare, WNV can also be spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, and fr ...
Article The Most Common Illness: A Review and Case Study from
... the product of the number of contact events sufficient for transmission between individuals and the per-event likelihood of transmission. Kermack and McKendrick’s compartmental model treats populations as homogenous and combines these two factors into a single parameter that represents the transmiss ...
... the product of the number of contact events sufficient for transmission between individuals and the per-event likelihood of transmission. Kermack and McKendrick’s compartmental model treats populations as homogenous and combines these two factors into a single parameter that represents the transmiss ...
6-Enterically transmitted hepatitis
... Transmission and target group Both viruses are transmitted by the fecal oral ...
... Transmission and target group Both viruses are transmitted by the fecal oral ...
Food, Sex, Attractiveness—Part 1: The Role of Body Weight The
... Food, Sex, and Attractiveness Part 1: The Role of Body Weight Attractiveness is a quality that arouses interest and pleasure. People are drawn to each other by clues indicating good health rather than superficial qualities, such as the shape of a nose or the size of a cleft in the chin. The ideal pi ...
... Food, Sex, and Attractiveness Part 1: The Role of Body Weight Attractiveness is a quality that arouses interest and pleasure. People are drawn to each other by clues indicating good health rather than superficial qualities, such as the shape of a nose or the size of a cleft in the chin. The ideal pi ...
Regulation of alphavirus 26S mRNA transcription by replicase
... the alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family of enveloped plus-stranded RNA viruses. The alphavirus genome consists of a single-stranded RNA of approximately 11±5 kb. Early in infection the genome RNA is translated as a large polyprotein (P1234) which, in SFV, consists of 2432 amino acid residues. ...
... the alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family of enveloped plus-stranded RNA viruses. The alphavirus genome consists of a single-stranded RNA of approximately 11±5 kb. Early in infection the genome RNA is translated as a large polyprotein (P1234) which, in SFV, consists of 2432 amino acid residues. ...
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... a severe economic burden to the health organisations of both the developed and developing world [2]. The World Health Organisation reported an estimated 120 million cases of norovirus worldwide including 35,000 deaths in 2010 [3]. Furthermore, sapoviruses and animal noroviruses also cause outbreaks ...
... a severe economic burden to the health organisations of both the developed and developing world [2]. The World Health Organisation reported an estimated 120 million cases of norovirus worldwide including 35,000 deaths in 2010 [3]. Furthermore, sapoviruses and animal noroviruses also cause outbreaks ...
comparison of vero cell plaque assay
... replaces the SlE-specific capture and detection antibodies with WN-specific antibodies. The AC-EIA protocol consists of an antigen-capture assay followed by a confirmatory inhibition assay. Specimens were called positive only if confirmed in the inhibition assay. The impact of variation in number of ...
... replaces the SlE-specific capture and detection antibodies with WN-specific antibodies. The AC-EIA protocol consists of an antigen-capture assay followed by a confirmatory inhibition assay. Specimens were called positive only if confirmed in the inhibition assay. The impact of variation in number of ...
Zika Virus, a New Threat for Europe?
... to ZIKV was measured using experimental infections. We demonstrated that Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti from Europe were not very susceptible to ZIKV. The threat for a Zika outbreak in Europe should be limited. ...
... to ZIKV was measured using experimental infections. We demonstrated that Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti from Europe were not very susceptible to ZIKV. The threat for a Zika outbreak in Europe should be limited. ...
Guideline on Live Recombinant Viral Vectored - EMA
... The objective of this guideline is to provide recommendations on the quality, non-clinical and clinical studies that should be performed in order to obtain marketing authorisation of a live recombinant viral vectored vaccine intended for use in the prophylaxis of infectious disease in humans. This g ...
... The objective of this guideline is to provide recommendations on the quality, non-clinical and clinical studies that should be performed in order to obtain marketing authorisation of a live recombinant viral vectored vaccine intended for use in the prophylaxis of infectious disease in humans. This g ...
Classical swine fever virus replicon particles: A versatile and robust
... subgenomic 26S promoter. During alphavirus replication, two different types of positive-sense RNA are generated, the full-length genomic RNA and a smaller subgenomic RNA of approximately 4 kb transcribed from the 26S promoter and produced in higher amounts than the genomic RNA. This subgenomic mRNA ...
... subgenomic 26S promoter. During alphavirus replication, two different types of positive-sense RNA are generated, the full-length genomic RNA and a smaller subgenomic RNA of approximately 4 kb transcribed from the 26S promoter and produced in higher amounts than the genomic RNA. This subgenomic mRNA ...
MS Word - County of Sonoma
... virus. Most children in the United States experience chickenpox before they are schoolaged. A vaccine against chickenpox is now required for children over 18 months of age. Although chickenpox is not a serious disease for most children, those whose immune systems are impaired (e.g. newborns and pers ...
... virus. Most children in the United States experience chickenpox before they are schoolaged. A vaccine against chickenpox is now required for children over 18 months of age. Although chickenpox is not a serious disease for most children, those whose immune systems are impaired (e.g. newborns and pers ...
The Ebola Virus and the Threat of Bioterrorism
... glanders, an infectious disease that primarily affects horses, donkeys, and mules, and anthracis (anthrax) by German forces during the war.11,12 Even though these acts of cruelty were conducted under the mantle of strategic military objectives, many countries pushed for the prohibition of biological ...
... glanders, an infectious disease that primarily affects horses, donkeys, and mules, and anthracis (anthrax) by German forces during the war.11,12 Even though these acts of cruelty were conducted under the mantle of strategic military objectives, many countries pushed for the prohibition of biological ...
Emerging of Avian Leukosis Sub-group J (ALV
... and was consistent to those of Avian Leukosis Sub-group J (ALV-J) infection. However, little is known about the disease and it was the objective of the study to determine the sero-prevalence and lesions of ALV-J infection in broiler chickens. Broiler breeders (120) of 66-week-old from two breeder fa ...
... and was consistent to those of Avian Leukosis Sub-group J (ALV-J) infection. However, little is known about the disease and it was the objective of the study to determine the sero-prevalence and lesions of ALV-J infection in broiler chickens. Broiler breeders (120) of 66-week-old from two breeder fa ...
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
... bovine kidney, lung or testis cells, cell strains derived from bovine fetal lung, turbinate or trachea, and established cell lines, such as the Madin–Darby bovine kidney cell line (MDBK), are suitable for BoHV-1 propagation. Cell cultures can be grown in glass or plastic tubes, plates or dishes. Whe ...
... bovine kidney, lung or testis cells, cell strains derived from bovine fetal lung, turbinate or trachea, and established cell lines, such as the Madin–Darby bovine kidney cell line (MDBK), are suitable for BoHV-1 propagation. Cell cultures can be grown in glass or plastic tubes, plates or dishes. Whe ...
Freshwater crayfish Astacus astacus
... that edible crabs may function as vectors for human pathogenic viruses (Poliovirus, Simian Rotavirus, Echovirus). These crabs were able to take up viruses from contaminated water and food. The ectoparasite of fish Argulus foliaceus has been identified as a vector of spring viremia of carp virus (SVC ...
... that edible crabs may function as vectors for human pathogenic viruses (Poliovirus, Simian Rotavirus, Echovirus). These crabs were able to take up viruses from contaminated water and food. The ectoparasite of fish Argulus foliaceus has been identified as a vector of spring viremia of carp virus (SVC ...
Enisyl-F® and Viralys
... L-lysine supplements lessen the clinical signs of infection and reduce viral shedding Feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) is one of the most common causes of respiratory infections and eye problems in cats. In fact, up to 97% of cats have serological evidence of exposure to FHV-1.1 Following recovery ...
... L-lysine supplements lessen the clinical signs of infection and reduce viral shedding Feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) is one of the most common causes of respiratory infections and eye problems in cats. In fact, up to 97% of cats have serological evidence of exposure to FHV-1.1 Following recovery ...
Hepatitis E virus as a newly identified cause of acute viral hepatitis
... virus (HEV) genome obtained from the patient whose case is reported herein together with HEV sequences: (i) from human cases diagnosed in the Timone Virology laboratory of Marseille; (ii) of previously determined genotypes and subtypes [7]; and (iii) from GenBank and corresponding to the ten highest ...
... virus (HEV) genome obtained from the patient whose case is reported herein together with HEV sequences: (i) from human cases diagnosed in the Timone Virology laboratory of Marseille; (ii) of previously determined genotypes and subtypes [7]; and (iii) from GenBank and corresponding to the ten highest ...
The Inability of Human Immunodeficiency Virus To Infect
... Studies of lentivirus infection in ruminants, nonhuman primates, and humans suggest that virus infection of macrophages plays a central role in the disease process. To investigate whether human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can infect chimpanzee macrophages, we recovered monocytes from perip ...
... Studies of lentivirus infection in ruminants, nonhuman primates, and humans suggest that virus infection of macrophages plays a central role in the disease process. To investigate whether human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can infect chimpanzee macrophages, we recovered monocytes from perip ...
Improved Dengue Virus Plaque Formation on BHK21 and LLCMK
... Neutralizing antibodies play a key role in the prevention of dengue infection. It is important that dengue virus plaque titration and plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) be highly reproducible using standardized methods. To evaluate factors that have influence in the PRNT for dengue viruses ...
... Neutralizing antibodies play a key role in the prevention of dengue infection. It is important that dengue virus plaque titration and plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) be highly reproducible using standardized methods. To evaluate factors that have influence in the PRNT for dengue viruses ...
viruses
... mechanisms for entering and exiting cells. While enveloped viruses bud through membranes, non-enveloped viruses are believed to be predominantly released by cell lysis. However, recently alternate routes involving non-lytic pathways of exit have been noted for non-enveloped viruses [1–4]. Bluetongue ...
... mechanisms for entering and exiting cells. While enveloped viruses bud through membranes, non-enveloped viruses are believed to be predominantly released by cell lysis. However, recently alternate routes involving non-lytic pathways of exit have been noted for non-enveloped viruses [1–4]. Bluetongue ...
Epidemiology of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus and Bovine
... Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) infections are endemic and cause disease in cattle populations worldwide. The losses due to the diseases are high in affected countries and must be regarded as a serious animal welfare problem. In Sweden BHV-1 has been eradica ...
... Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) infections are endemic and cause disease in cattle populations worldwide. The losses due to the diseases are high in affected countries and must be regarded as a serious animal welfare problem. In Sweden BHV-1 has been eradica ...
Experimental Infection of Inbred Mice with Herpes Simplex Virus. V
... Cells and virus. HSV-I strains were routinely passaged at low multiplicity on African green monkey kidney cells (RC-37 Rita; Italdiagnostics, Rome, Italy) as described earlier (Schr6der et al., 1975/76). Cells were grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) containing 7~ foetal calf serum. Plaq ...
... Cells and virus. HSV-I strains were routinely passaged at low multiplicity on African green monkey kidney cells (RC-37 Rita; Italdiagnostics, Rome, Italy) as described earlier (Schr6der et al., 1975/76). Cells were grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) containing 7~ foetal calf serum. Plaq ...
A Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory
... Two cell lines, Vero E6 cells and NCI-H292 cells, inoculated with oropharyngeal specimens from Patient 1, initially showed cytopathic effect. A rhinovirus was isolated from the inoculated NCI-H292 cells. Further study suggested that this virus was not associated with patients with SARS, so it will n ...
... Two cell lines, Vero E6 cells and NCI-H292 cells, inoculated with oropharyngeal specimens from Patient 1, initially showed cytopathic effect. A rhinovirus was isolated from the inoculated NCI-H292 cells. Further study suggested that this virus was not associated with patients with SARS, so it will n ...
Influenza A virus
Influenza A virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals, and is the only species of influenza virus A. Influenza virus A is a genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. Strains of all subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated from wild birds, although disease is uncommon. Some isolates of influenza A virus cause severe disease both in domestic poultry and, rarely, in humans. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from wild aquatic birds to domestic poultry, and this may cause an outbreak or give rise to human influenza pandemics.Influenza A viruses are negative-sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses.The several subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). There are 18 different known H antigens (H1 to H18) and 11 different known N antigens (N1 to N11). H17 was isolated from fruit bats in 2012. H18N11 was discovered in a Peruvian bat in 2013.Each virus subtype has mutated into a variety of strains with differing pathogenic profiles; some are pathogenic to one species but not others, some are pathogenic to multiple species.A filtered and purified influenza A vaccine for humans has been developed, and many countries have stockpiled it to allow a quick administration to the population in the event of an avian influenza pandemic. Avian influenza is sometimes called avian flu, and colloquially, bird flu. In 2011, researchers reported the discovery of an antibody effective against all types of the influenza A virus.