Calcium-Dependent Prevention of Neuronal Apoptosis by Lithium Ion
... (Chalecka-Franaszek and Chuang, 1999; Crowder and Freeman, 1999; Hetman et al., 1999). Because several lines of evidence suggest that PI3-K is activated by Ca2⫹ as well as tyrosine kinases (Vaillant et al., 1999), the Li⫹-induced increase in [Ca2⫹]i may intervene in apoptosis through activation of P ...
... (Chalecka-Franaszek and Chuang, 1999; Crowder and Freeman, 1999; Hetman et al., 1999). Because several lines of evidence suggest that PI3-K is activated by Ca2⫹ as well as tyrosine kinases (Vaillant et al., 1999), the Li⫹-induced increase in [Ca2⫹]i may intervene in apoptosis through activation of P ...
Translocation of Magnaporthe oryzae Effectors into
... also mediated accumulation in BICs (Figures 1C and 1D; see Supplemental Figures 3A and 3G online). The following pattern of BIC development is based on observation of >2000 independent infection sites. Immediately after appressorial penetration (Figures 1C and 1D; see Supplemental Figures 3B and 3G ...
... also mediated accumulation in BICs (Figures 1C and 1D; see Supplemental Figures 3A and 3G online). The following pattern of BIC development is based on observation of >2000 independent infection sites. Immediately after appressorial penetration (Figures 1C and 1D; see Supplemental Figures 3B and 3G ...
The structure and function of the Golgi apparatus
... attracted the attention of researchers world-wide. This highly variable and polymorphic organelle plays a central role in intracellular membrane traffic. Not only does it receive all the secretory material and membrane synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies these products by glycosyla ...
... attracted the attention of researchers world-wide. This highly variable and polymorphic organelle plays a central role in intracellular membrane traffic. Not only does it receive all the secretory material and membrane synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies these products by glycosyla ...
UVB induced cell cycle checkpoints in an early stage
... progression was detected by 24 ± 36 h post irradiation (not shown). To determine the duration of the S phase arrest following UVB irradiation, asynchronously growing WM35 cells were pulsed with 10 mM BrdU for 2 h at time T=0. BrdU labelling was followed immediately by irradiation with a single dose ...
... progression was detected by 24 ± 36 h post irradiation (not shown). To determine the duration of the S phase arrest following UVB irradiation, asynchronously growing WM35 cells were pulsed with 10 mM BrdU for 2 h at time T=0. BrdU labelling was followed immediately by irradiation with a single dose ...
bacteriophage - Micro-Rao
... weaken the cell wall of bacteria. The number of particles released per infected bacteria may be as high as 1000. The average yield of phages per infected bacterial cell is known as burst size. Lysogenic cycle: Lysogenic or temperate phages are those that can either multiply via the lytic cycle or en ...
... weaken the cell wall of bacteria. The number of particles released per infected bacteria may be as high as 1000. The average yield of phages per infected bacterial cell is known as burst size. Lysogenic cycle: Lysogenic or temperate phages are those that can either multiply via the lytic cycle or en ...
Jen Salm
... macrophage SP formation. PhoPC mutants have decreased viability after phagocytosis by macrophages. PhoPC mutants have decreased SP formation comparable to heat-killed Salmonella. PhoP null mutants express prgs but not pags. The mutation only begins to affect viability after acidification of th ...
... macrophage SP formation. PhoPC mutants have decreased viability after phagocytosis by macrophages. PhoPC mutants have decreased SP formation comparable to heat-killed Salmonella. PhoP null mutants express prgs but not pags. The mutation only begins to affect viability after acidification of th ...
Zinc-induced Inactivation of the Yeast ZRT1 Zinc Transporter
... This response attenuates the effects of mating pheromone during periods of prolonged exposure. Several nutrient transporters are endocytosed in response to the increased availability of a preferred substrate. Glucose, the preferred carbon source for yeast, signals the endocytosis of the GAL2 galacto ...
... This response attenuates the effects of mating pheromone during periods of prolonged exposure. Several nutrient transporters are endocytosed in response to the increased availability of a preferred substrate. Glucose, the preferred carbon source for yeast, signals the endocytosis of the GAL2 galacto ...
System approaches to study root hairs as a single cell plant model
... (Campanoni and Blatt, 2007). However, in legumes, root hairs are also the primary site for rhizobial infection and, therefore, several studies have sought to define the early events in this infection process. Libault et al. (2010b) studied soybean root hair infection by the symbiotic bacterium Brady ...
... (Campanoni and Blatt, 2007). However, in legumes, root hairs are also the primary site for rhizobial infection and, therefore, several studies have sought to define the early events in this infection process. Libault et al. (2010b) studied soybean root hair infection by the symbiotic bacterium Brady ...
mycorrhizae - TeacherWeb
... (ectomycorrhizae) to penetration (vesicular-arbuscular and arbuscular mycorrhizae) and from enclosed (ectomycorrhizae) to open root (vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae). Any natural ecosystem normally contains a mixture of types of mycorrhizal associations. The two main types of mycorrhizae are: Endom ...
... (ectomycorrhizae) to penetration (vesicular-arbuscular and arbuscular mycorrhizae) and from enclosed (ectomycorrhizae) to open root (vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae). Any natural ecosystem normally contains a mixture of types of mycorrhizal associations. The two main types of mycorrhizae are: Endom ...
HAUSP, a deubiquitinating enzyme for p53, is polyubiquitinated
... regions between nucleosomes. As expected, rHAUSP-transfected HeLa cells died completely. We observed extracted genomic DNA from apoptotic HeLa cells induced by rHAUSP and rHAUSP (C224S), visualized as DNA ladders, indicating that these cells are apoptotic (data not shown). We also investigated the e ...
... regions between nucleosomes. As expected, rHAUSP-transfected HeLa cells died completely. We observed extracted genomic DNA from apoptotic HeLa cells induced by rHAUSP and rHAUSP (C224S), visualized as DNA ladders, indicating that these cells are apoptotic (data not shown). We also investigated the e ...
6 Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes
... a low solubility in the lipid bilayer. Most of these substances are retained within cells and organelles because they cannot diffuse across the lipid barrier of membranes. Diffusion of Ions through Protein Channels Ions such as Na⫹, K⫹, Cl⫺, and Ca2⫹ diffuse across plasma membranes at rates that are ...
... a low solubility in the lipid bilayer. Most of these substances are retained within cells and organelles because they cannot diffuse across the lipid barrier of membranes. Diffusion of Ions through Protein Channels Ions such as Na⫹, K⫹, Cl⫺, and Ca2⫹ diffuse across plasma membranes at rates that are ...
Effects of Organic Cations on the Gram-negative Cell
... which the latter two compounds together were ineffective. A number of amines of low molecular weight, more or less closely related to tris, were found to possess similar activity. As the length of the alkyl chain increased, the bactericidal activity of the mixture increased markedly. Concentrations ...
... which the latter two compounds together were ineffective. A number of amines of low molecular weight, more or less closely related to tris, were found to possess similar activity. As the length of the alkyl chain increased, the bactericidal activity of the mixture increased markedly. Concentrations ...
Subcellular Communication Through RNA Transport and Localized
... of these localized embryonic mRNAs play a role in axis formation and germ cell fate determination (2). Localized mRNA translation also plays a role in the physiological functions of single cells. In yeast, mRNA localization is needed for determination of daughter cell mating type (3). In higher euka ...
... of these localized embryonic mRNAs play a role in axis formation and germ cell fate determination (2). Localized mRNA translation also plays a role in the physiological functions of single cells. In yeast, mRNA localization is needed for determination of daughter cell mating type (3). In higher euka ...
Lipid Characterization of an Enriched Plasma Membrane
... osmotic conditions so that it can adjust its internal glycerol concentration to achieve osmotic equilibrium. We have adapted an aqueous two-phase system (19) that allows us to purify D. salina plasma membrane more quickly and completely than was possible with earlier methods (28). Utilizing this met ...
... osmotic conditions so that it can adjust its internal glycerol concentration to achieve osmotic equilibrium. We have adapted an aqueous two-phase system (19) that allows us to purify D. salina plasma membrane more quickly and completely than was possible with earlier methods (28). Utilizing this met ...
Regions of interest properties Nucleus properties Cell properties
... Definiens Tissue Studio 3 provides morphological fingerprints and biomarker expression profiles per slides, regions, vessels, cells or sub-cellular compartments. These detailed readouts can, for example, be correlated to patient outcome or therapy response to identify clinically relevant predictors. ...
... Definiens Tissue Studio 3 provides morphological fingerprints and biomarker expression profiles per slides, regions, vessels, cells or sub-cellular compartments. These detailed readouts can, for example, be correlated to patient outcome or therapy response to identify clinically relevant predictors. ...
Developmental control of blood cell migration by the Drosophila VEGF pathway. Cell 108, 865-876. pdf
... the split RTK family including PDGFR-. There is additional similarity to the vertebrate receptors in the juxta membrane region and Ig-like repeats. Like vertebrate VEGFRs, the ectodomain of the Drosophila proteins contains seven Ig-like repeats, which distinguishes them from other members of the sp ...
... the split RTK family including PDGFR-. There is additional similarity to the vertebrate receptors in the juxta membrane region and Ig-like repeats. Like vertebrate VEGFRs, the ectodomain of the Drosophila proteins contains seven Ig-like repeats, which distinguishes them from other members of the sp ...
protein phosphorylation in bacteria
... (LMW PTP), and dual specific PTP (dsPTP). The first family includes classical tyrosine phosphatases. In the catalytic cleft of these enzymes there is a conserved cysteine residue, which is crucial for enzymatic activity. Those enzymes have molecular mass of about 30-40 kDa. Second group, Low Molecul ...
... (LMW PTP), and dual specific PTP (dsPTP). The first family includes classical tyrosine phosphatases. In the catalytic cleft of these enzymes there is a conserved cysteine residue, which is crucial for enzymatic activity. Those enzymes have molecular mass of about 30-40 kDa. Second group, Low Molecul ...
biological membranes - Biochemical Society
... (ii) Some intracellular proteins do not span the membrane but are covalently attached to the inner surface, by either a fatty acid chain or a phospholipid (Figure 9b). Such proteins are sometimes termed anchored proteins; they are firmly attached to the membrane and can only be removed by treatments ...
... (ii) Some intracellular proteins do not span the membrane but are covalently attached to the inner surface, by either a fatty acid chain or a phospholipid (Figure 9b). Such proteins are sometimes termed anchored proteins; they are firmly attached to the membrane and can only be removed by treatments ...
Targeted Stimuli-Responsive Dextran Conjugates for Doxorubicin Delivery to Hepatocytes
... types or organs via proteins, specifically, lectinmediated targeting holds potential due to the high specificity and affinity of receptor-ligand interactions, rapid internalization, and relative ease of processing. Dextran, a commercially available, biodegradable polymer has been conjugated to doxor ...
... types or organs via proteins, specifically, lectinmediated targeting holds potential due to the high specificity and affinity of receptor-ligand interactions, rapid internalization, and relative ease of processing. Dextran, a commercially available, biodegradable polymer has been conjugated to doxor ...
Novel Symbiotic Protoplasts Formed by Endophytic Fungi Explain
... diversity of endophytic fungi that are able to form novel protoplasts called mycosomes. We found that mycosomes cultured from plants and phylogenetically diverse endophytic fungi have common morphological characteristics, express similar developmental patterns, and can revert back to the free-living ...
... diversity of endophytic fungi that are able to form novel protoplasts called mycosomes. We found that mycosomes cultured from plants and phylogenetically diverse endophytic fungi have common morphological characteristics, express similar developmental patterns, and can revert back to the free-living ...
A Hierarchy of Regulatory Genes Controls a Larva-to-Adult
... in parentheses, which formed partial alae. At stages where no adult alae were formed, at least one animal was examined using Nomarski optics to verify that seam cell divisions occurred either by direct observation of dividing cells (‘), or by inference based on an increase in hypodermal cell number ...
... in parentheses, which formed partial alae. At stages where no adult alae were formed, at least one animal was examined using Nomarski optics to verify that seam cell divisions occurred either by direct observation of dividing cells (‘), or by inference based on an increase in hypodermal cell number ...
The Domino Effect
... The job of most individual neurons is to pick up signals from neighboring neurons and transmit them to another neuron or to a target cell. A neuron has three major regions: branched projections called dendrites; a central portion, the cell body, which contains the cell nucleus; and a single long pro ...
... The job of most individual neurons is to pick up signals from neighboring neurons and transmit them to another neuron or to a target cell. A neuron has three major regions: branched projections called dendrites; a central portion, the cell body, which contains the cell nucleus; and a single long pro ...
Chapter 15 - Eukaryotic Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis
... We now turn our attention to the ways that eukaryotic chromosomes are folded to fit in a living cell. A typical eukaryotic chromosome contains a single, linear, double-stranded DNA molecule that may be hundreds of millions of base pairs in length. If the DNA from a single set of human chromosomes we ...
... We now turn our attention to the ways that eukaryotic chromosomes are folded to fit in a living cell. A typical eukaryotic chromosome contains a single, linear, double-stranded DNA molecule that may be hundreds of millions of base pairs in length. If the DNA from a single set of human chromosomes we ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.