The UBA2 Domain Functions as an Intrinsic Stabilization Signal that
... proteasome system is responsible for degradation of this substrate in yeast (Bartel et al., 1990). Thus, the UBA2 domain increases the steady-state levels of Ub-R-GFP by delaying its proteasomal degradation. Structural analysis of the UBA2 domains of the human homolog of Rad23 A (hHR23A) has reveale ...
... proteasome system is responsible for degradation of this substrate in yeast (Bartel et al., 1990). Thus, the UBA2 domain increases the steady-state levels of Ub-R-GFP by delaying its proteasomal degradation. Structural analysis of the UBA2 domains of the human homolog of Rad23 A (hHR23A) has reveale ...
PDF - Wiley Online Library
... et al., 1981). Rz and Rz1 are a class II CM protein and an OM lipoprotein, respectively, forming a complex (spanin) that potentially spans the entire periplasm. The Rz and Rz1 spanin (see below) is thought to promote fusion of the CM and OM, thus eliminating the last barrier that prevents efficient ...
... et al., 1981). Rz and Rz1 are a class II CM protein and an OM lipoprotein, respectively, forming a complex (spanin) that potentially spans the entire periplasm. The Rz and Rz1 spanin (see below) is thought to promote fusion of the CM and OM, thus eliminating the last barrier that prevents efficient ...
Spatiotemporal Patterning of Reactive Oxygen Production and Ca2+
... Figure 4. Interdependence between Ca2cyt and ROS Production. (A) Injection of Br2BAPTA (4 mM final intracellular concentration) into the rhizoid cell inhibited mitochondrial ROS production (monitored at 140 s after hyperosmotic treatment) in cells loaded for 20 min with CM-DCFH2-DA but not in the a ...
... Figure 4. Interdependence between Ca2cyt and ROS Production. (A) Injection of Br2BAPTA (4 mM final intracellular concentration) into the rhizoid cell inhibited mitochondrial ROS production (monitored at 140 s after hyperosmotic treatment) in cells loaded for 20 min with CM-DCFH2-DA but not in the a ...
E ect of SB 203580 on the activity of c-Raf in vitro and in vivo
... Gum et al., 1998). Conversely, the mutation of this residue to Thr in other MAP kinase family members (SAPK1/JNK, SAPK3/p38g and SAPK4/p38d) makes them sensitive to SB 203580 (Eyers et al., 1998; Gum et al., 1998). Sensitivity to SB 203580 is greatly enhanced when the side chain at residue 106 is sm ...
... Gum et al., 1998). Conversely, the mutation of this residue to Thr in other MAP kinase family members (SAPK1/JNK, SAPK3/p38g and SAPK4/p38d) makes them sensitive to SB 203580 (Eyers et al., 1998; Gum et al., 1998). Sensitivity to SB 203580 is greatly enhanced when the side chain at residue 106 is sm ...
Monoclonal Antibody Characterization of Two Distant Sites
... inhibit fibronectin function . If they can be mapped to different points along the molecule, a series of inhibitory and noninhibitory mAbs can provide insights into which sites are important for function in the form of an independent test of the existence of a second synergy site. They can also prov ...
... inhibit fibronectin function . If they can be mapped to different points along the molecule, a series of inhibitory and noninhibitory mAbs can provide insights into which sites are important for function in the form of an independent test of the existence of a second synergy site. They can also prov ...
... be associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, nuclei, or any other major organelle in higher plant roots, other than the vacuole (Martinoia et al. 1981). Moreover, the requirement of the above proposal, that all variations in ‘cytoplasmic’ nitrate be due solely to variations in organell ...
TNF-induced endothelial barrier disruption: beyond actin and Rho
... 25). In response to this cytokine, the endothelium turns from a pavement-like monolayer, containing a peripheral actin belt close to stable cell-cell junctions, to a monolayer formed by elongated cells enriched in actin stress fibres (20, 24, 25). The formation of stress fibres is a paradigmatic out ...
... 25). In response to this cytokine, the endothelium turns from a pavement-like monolayer, containing a peripheral actin belt close to stable cell-cell junctions, to a monolayer formed by elongated cells enriched in actin stress fibres (20, 24, 25). The formation of stress fibres is a paradigmatic out ...
Exosome Biogenesis, Regulation, and Function in Viral Infection
... 2. Apoptotic Bodies, Microvesicles, and Exosomes The cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell contains several well-described compartments (trans-Golgi network (TGN), mitochondria, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.), each performing specific and, in some cases, overlapping functions. Transport of mat ...
... 2. Apoptotic Bodies, Microvesicles, and Exosomes The cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell contains several well-described compartments (trans-Golgi network (TGN), mitochondria, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.), each performing specific and, in some cases, overlapping functions. Transport of mat ...
DataSheet
... family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. This protein functions as a modifier of endothelial cell migr ...
... family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. This protein functions as a modifier of endothelial cell migr ...
- The Pawson Lab
... Preparation of Xenopus Embryos, Synthetic RNA, Lineage Trace, and Animal Cap Explants Embryos were obtained by artificial insemination after induction of females with 500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Capped mRNA was made using the SP6 mMessage mMachine kit (Ambion, Aust ...
... Preparation of Xenopus Embryos, Synthetic RNA, Lineage Trace, and Animal Cap Explants Embryos were obtained by artificial insemination after induction of females with 500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Capped mRNA was made using the SP6 mMessage mMachine kit (Ambion, Aust ...
Laser Microdissection and Spatiotemporal Pinoresinol
... The L. usitatissimum pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase (LuPLR1) gene encoding the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the major enantiomer (+)-secoisolariciresinol is strongly expressed in the seed coats of developing flaxseed, suggesting that SDG is synthesized and accumulated in this tissue ...
... The L. usitatissimum pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase (LuPLR1) gene encoding the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the major enantiomer (+)-secoisolariciresinol is strongly expressed in the seed coats of developing flaxseed, suggesting that SDG is synthesized and accumulated in this tissue ...
CONDENSIN AND COHESIN: MORE THAN CHROMOSOME
... Two related protein complexes, cohesin and condensin, are essential for separating identical copies of the genome into daughter cells during cell division. Cohesin glues replicated sister chromatids together until they split at anaphase, whereas condensin reorganizes chromosomes into their highly co ...
... Two related protein complexes, cohesin and condensin, are essential for separating identical copies of the genome into daughter cells during cell division. Cohesin glues replicated sister chromatids together until they split at anaphase, whereas condensin reorganizes chromosomes into their highly co ...
Enzymatic reduction of disulfide bonds in lysosomes
... complex (not shown), and EEs兾early MIICs together with invariant chain (Fig. 2 A). There is a steep decrease of invariant chain labeling downstream of EEs in the endocytic pathway (27), probably because of proteolysis. Mature GILT was found only in multivesicular LEs and multilaminar lysosomes, i.e. ...
... complex (not shown), and EEs兾early MIICs together with invariant chain (Fig. 2 A). There is a steep decrease of invariant chain labeling downstream of EEs in the endocytic pathway (27), probably because of proteolysis. Mature GILT was found only in multivesicular LEs and multilaminar lysosomes, i.e. ...
Keystone- Biology Curriculum
... BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at BIO.A.1.2 Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ organization. systems, and multicellul ...
... BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at BIO.A.1.2 Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ organization. systems, and multicellul ...
Standardization of traffic measurements and models for broadband
... Ø Measurement Points ŽMPs., Ø Cell Reference EÕents ŽCREs., i.e. events associated with cell transits through the measurement points, as the cell exit or the cell entry eÕent, Ø Cell Transfer Outcomes, defined through two corresponding cell transfer reference events at two different MPs ŽCRE1 at MP1 ...
... Ø Measurement Points ŽMPs., Ø Cell Reference EÕents ŽCREs., i.e. events associated with cell transits through the measurement points, as the cell exit or the cell entry eÕent, Ø Cell Transfer Outcomes, defined through two corresponding cell transfer reference events at two different MPs ŽCRE1 at MP1 ...
Vaucheria
... Ans. Vaucheria possesses all the essentials of a multicellular organism, but the cytoplasm and the numerous nuclei are not partitioned into distinct cells. The septa remain suppressed in the vegetative condition. They appear only during the formation of reproductive organs, or when the filament is i ...
... Ans. Vaucheria possesses all the essentials of a multicellular organism, but the cytoplasm and the numerous nuclei are not partitioned into distinct cells. The septa remain suppressed in the vegetative condition. They appear only during the formation of reproductive organs, or when the filament is i ...
Depletion of the co-chaperone CDC-37 reveals two
... observations. For cortical images, we focused at the cortex of partially flattened fixed embryos. We adjusted each image in PhotoShop, to remove background signal, by bringing the posterior cortical signal to zero. To count puncta, we sampled two similar-sized, non-overlapping windows from the cente ...
... observations. For cortical images, we focused at the cortex of partially flattened fixed embryos. We adjusted each image in PhotoShop, to remove background signal, by bringing the posterior cortical signal to zero. To count puncta, we sampled two similar-sized, non-overlapping windows from the cente ...
Regulators of Lysosome Function and Dynamics in Caenorhabditis
... biosynthetic pathway to lysosomes, a process referred to as lysosome biogenesis (Mullins and Bonifacino 2001; Luzio et al. 2003). Much remains to be discovered about molecular regulation of these complex fusion, fission, and reformation reactions in the late endocytic pathway. We had made Pmyo-3::ssG ...
... biosynthetic pathway to lysosomes, a process referred to as lysosome biogenesis (Mullins and Bonifacino 2001; Luzio et al. 2003). Much remains to be discovered about molecular regulation of these complex fusion, fission, and reformation reactions in the late endocytic pathway. We had made Pmyo-3::ssG ...
Organellar channels and transporters
... metabolites and/or several different types of ions are depicted in orange. In the nucleus of plants, castor and pollux proteins may mediate potassium flux. In the ER, several calcium transport systems are found (Ryanodine Receptor, IP3 receptor, SERCA pump) as well as cation-permeable channels (TRIC, ...
... metabolites and/or several different types of ions are depicted in orange. In the nucleus of plants, castor and pollux proteins may mediate potassium flux. In the ER, several calcium transport systems are found (Ryanodine Receptor, IP3 receptor, SERCA pump) as well as cation-permeable channels (TRIC, ...
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ROLE OF PSEUDOMONAS
... Figure 2.4 PMT deamidates and activates heterotrimeric Gα proteins. ............................... 75 Figure 2.5 Model of Cif inactivation of CRL activity and ubiquitination................................. 76 Figure 2.6 Crystal structures of cell cycle-inhibiting factors. ......................... ...
... Figure 2.4 PMT deamidates and activates heterotrimeric Gα proteins. ............................... 75 Figure 2.5 Model of Cif inactivation of CRL activity and ubiquitination................................. 76 Figure 2.6 Crystal structures of cell cycle-inhibiting factors. ......................... ...
The Neuronal Membrane at Rest
... proteins with polar groups exposed at either end, but with only hydrophobic groups showing on their middle surfaces. This type of protein could be suspended in a phospholipid bilayer, with its hydrophobic portion inside the membrane and its hydrophilic ends exposed to the watery environments on eith ...
... proteins with polar groups exposed at either end, but with only hydrophobic groups showing on their middle surfaces. This type of protein could be suspended in a phospholipid bilayer, with its hydrophobic portion inside the membrane and its hydrophilic ends exposed to the watery environments on eith ...
Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid motif incorporated within turnip yellow
... RDG 61, 62, 102, and 161 require further cloning techniques; transformation into Argobacterium, argoinfiltrated into the plant system, and capsid extraction to determine if coat protein can be expressed and self assemble within plant tissue. ...
... RDG 61, 62, 102, and 161 require further cloning techniques; transformation into Argobacterium, argoinfiltrated into the plant system, and capsid extraction to determine if coat protein can be expressed and self assemble within plant tissue. ...
- University of East Anglia
... dorsal part of the somite, the dermomytome, will generate the myotome, which gives rise to epaxial back muscle and the hypaxial muscles of the ventral body wall and the limbs. The ventral somite undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition to form the sclerotome, which is divided into a ventrom ...
... dorsal part of the somite, the dermomytome, will generate the myotome, which gives rise to epaxial back muscle and the hypaxial muscles of the ventral body wall and the limbs. The ventral somite undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition to form the sclerotome, which is divided into a ventrom ...
Distinct Lytic Vacuolar Compartments are Embedded
... seeds and seeds germinated for 1 d in the light (see Material and Methods). To avoid labeling differences due to heterogeneous cell types, the same defined region of the embryo axis, corresponding to the hypocotyl cells next to the radicle, was consistently observed throughout the study (Fig. 1A–C, ...
... seeds and seeds germinated for 1 d in the light (see Material and Methods). To avoid labeling differences due to heterogeneous cell types, the same defined region of the embryo axis, corresponding to the hypocotyl cells next to the radicle, was consistently observed throughout the study (Fig. 1A–C, ...
Two highly related regulatory subunits of PP2A exert opposite
... when two distinct morpholino oligonucleotides were used (data not shown), and was rescued by co-expression of a mouse Bδ mRNA (Fig. 1B). To understand how specific these effects were for this particular B subunit, we investigated the effects of manipulating levels of the highly homologous Bα, which ...
... when two distinct morpholino oligonucleotides were used (data not shown), and was rescued by co-expression of a mouse Bδ mRNA (Fig. 1B). To understand how specific these effects were for this particular B subunit, we investigated the effects of manipulating levels of the highly homologous Bα, which ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.