golgi apparatus, gerl, and lysosomes of neurons in rat dorsal root
... and adult (Holtzman) rats were studied . The fetuses were taken from ether-anesthetized females 16 days after they had been placed with males overnight . In each experiment one embryo was placed in warm Hanks' solution . The whole spinal column was rapidly removed and transferred to ice-chilled glut ...
... and adult (Holtzman) rats were studied . The fetuses were taken from ether-anesthetized females 16 days after they had been placed with males overnight . In each experiment one embryo was placed in warm Hanks' solution . The whole spinal column was rapidly removed and transferred to ice-chilled glut ...
Bile Formation: a Concerted Action of Membrane
... After their functional characterization, some of these mechanisms’ individual transport molecules are now identified, allowing better understanding of inherited and acquired disorders of bile formation. ile formation is a vital process. Bile acid secretion serves the intestinal digestion of lipids a ...
... After their functional characterization, some of these mechanisms’ individual transport molecules are now identified, allowing better understanding of inherited and acquired disorders of bile formation. ile formation is a vital process. Bile acid secretion serves the intestinal digestion of lipids a ...
Diversification of epithelial adherens junctions with independent
... cadherins and chick cHz-cadherin have a domain complex called the primitive classic cadherin domain (PCCD) complex (Oda and Tsukita 1999; Oda et al. 2002) which consists of NC, CE, and LG domains sandwiched between the last EC and the transmembrane (TM) domain. Among the nonchordate and chick cadher ...
... cadherins and chick cHz-cadherin have a domain complex called the primitive classic cadherin domain (PCCD) complex (Oda and Tsukita 1999; Oda et al. 2002) which consists of NC, CE, and LG domains sandwiched between the last EC and the transmembrane (TM) domain. Among the nonchordate and chick cadher ...
Molecular Affinity and Permeability of Different Molecular Weight
... and coating materials. Chitosan, (1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-Dglucan, is a biopolymer derived from chitin. Due to the presence of an amino group at carbon-2 of its cellulose-like backbone, chitosan is a cationic polyelectrolyte and soluble in acidic media. As a new functional material, chitosan offers a ...
... and coating materials. Chitosan, (1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-Dglucan, is a biopolymer derived from chitin. Due to the presence of an amino group at carbon-2 of its cellulose-like backbone, chitosan is a cationic polyelectrolyte and soluble in acidic media. As a new functional material, chitosan offers a ...
Relationship of Net Chloride Flow across the Human Erythrocyte
... modification of Dalmark's method (1975b). The first portion (A) was washed in 75 mM KCI, 120 mM sucrose, and 5 mM HEPES, and then resuspended in the same solution (ice cold) at 10% hematocrit with 75 jig/ml nystatin (E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc., Princeton, NJ) (added as a 5-mg/ml solution in methanol) ...
... modification of Dalmark's method (1975b). The first portion (A) was washed in 75 mM KCI, 120 mM sucrose, and 5 mM HEPES, and then resuspended in the same solution (ice cold) at 10% hematocrit with 75 jig/ml nystatin (E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc., Princeton, NJ) (added as a 5-mg/ml solution in methanol) ...
A B23-interacting sequence as a tool to visualize protein interactions
... Fig. 2. NoLS interacts directly with B23; this interaction involves the acidic stretches of B23. (A) GST and GST-NoLS pull-down assays performed using whole HeLa cell extracts. A sample (1%) of the extract used for each pull-down assay (Input), 1% of the supernatant (S) and 1.5% of the proteins elut ...
... Fig. 2. NoLS interacts directly with B23; this interaction involves the acidic stretches of B23. (A) GST and GST-NoLS pull-down assays performed using whole HeLa cell extracts. A sample (1%) of the extract used for each pull-down assay (Input), 1% of the supernatant (S) and 1.5% of the proteins elut ...
The role of ABA and MAPK signaling pathways in
... tissues but ABA exerts its responses in various cells, including distant guard cells (Kuromori et al., 2010). Thus, ABA responses require translocation from ABA-producing cells via intercellular transport to allow rapid distribution into neighboring tissues. Recently, cell-to-cell ABA transport was ...
... tissues but ABA exerts its responses in various cells, including distant guard cells (Kuromori et al., 2010). Thus, ABA responses require translocation from ABA-producing cells via intercellular transport to allow rapid distribution into neighboring tissues. Recently, cell-to-cell ABA transport was ...
Making an Effort to Listen: Mechanical Amplification in the Ear
... bears a tonotopic map. In mammals, birds, and many reptiles, low frequencies are represented at the apex of the cochlea and high pitches at the base; lizards display more varied and complex tonotopic patterning. The sharpness of tuning in a normal cochlea reflects the narrow range of frequencies tha ...
... bears a tonotopic map. In mammals, birds, and many reptiles, low frequencies are represented at the apex of the cochlea and high pitches at the base; lizards display more varied and complex tonotopic patterning. The sharpness of tuning in a normal cochlea reflects the narrow range of frequencies tha ...
A Trafficking Pathway for Anthocyanins Overlaps
... the red fluorescence, suggesting that either the presence of two populations of ER bodies, some filled with anthocyanins and others not, or the levels of red fluorescence in green- but not red-fluorescing bodies was below the level of detection. Taken together, these findings indicate that at least ...
... the red fluorescence, suggesting that either the presence of two populations of ER bodies, some filled with anthocyanins and others not, or the levels of red fluorescence in green- but not red-fluorescing bodies was below the level of detection. Taken together, these findings indicate that at least ...
Development, structure, and maintenance of C
... Self-fertilization allows propagation of mutants that are unable to mate. Powerful forward and reverse genetics allows isolation and analysis of mutants in individual muscle components. All of these advantages have permitted research using C. elegans to make landmark discoveries for muscle in genera ...
... Self-fertilization allows propagation of mutants that are unable to mate. Powerful forward and reverse genetics allows isolation and analysis of mutants in individual muscle components. All of these advantages have permitted research using C. elegans to make landmark discoveries for muscle in genera ...
Interactions of Elongation Factor 1 Cell Protrusions with F-Actin and
... other functionally related proteins) may affect the location of nucleation of actin polymerization that would define the direction of protrusion and, therefore, polarity of movement. For instance, the translation of the mRNA only while it is at the leading edge of fibroblasts would result in the sel ...
... other functionally related proteins) may affect the location of nucleation of actin polymerization that would define the direction of protrusion and, therefore, polarity of movement. For instance, the translation of the mRNA only while it is at the leading edge of fibroblasts would result in the sel ...
Location and Size of Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Cell
... Midbrain dopaminergic (mid-DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RrF) project to the striatum, cortex, and nucleus accumbens (Björklund and Lindvall, 1984). They modulate a variety of functions, such as movement, rewarding, cognition, and fee ...
... Midbrain dopaminergic (mid-DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RrF) project to the striatum, cortex, and nucleus accumbens (Björklund and Lindvall, 1984). They modulate a variety of functions, such as movement, rewarding, cognition, and fee ...
Molecular cytogenetic studies and technology development
... hybridization through protoplast fusion. Protoplasts are plant cells without cell wall. Therefore, they can be easily fused. If the fusion is performed between two different parent protoplasts with complete genomes, it is referred to as symmetric; if a parent’s genome (donor) is fragmented and fused ...
... hybridization through protoplast fusion. Protoplasts are plant cells without cell wall. Therefore, they can be easily fused. If the fusion is performed between two different parent protoplasts with complete genomes, it is referred to as symmetric; if a parent’s genome (donor) is fragmented and fused ...
Paramecium as a bioassay system for elucidation of cytotoxicity and
... and CNF. At this moment we have no information about chemical compositions of the culture medium. However, one candidate of the hazardous chemical substances is suggested by the following observation. One of the remarkable characteristics observed regarding cytotoxicity of CNF was the cessation of c ...
... and CNF. At this moment we have no information about chemical compositions of the culture medium. However, one candidate of the hazardous chemical substances is suggested by the following observation. One of the remarkable characteristics observed regarding cytotoxicity of CNF was the cessation of c ...
Self-Incompatibility-induced Programmed Cell
... Robinson, 1998). There has been much debate about the cytosolic pH gradient, comprising an apical domain ~pH 6.8 and a subapical alkaline band ~pH 7.2 to 7.8 in lily pollen tubes (Fricker et al., 1997; Messerli and Robinson, 1998; Feijo et al., 2001; Lovy-Wheeler et al., 2006). Oscillations of [pH] ...
... Robinson, 1998). There has been much debate about the cytosolic pH gradient, comprising an apical domain ~pH 6.8 and a subapical alkaline band ~pH 7.2 to 7.8 in lily pollen tubes (Fricker et al., 1997; Messerli and Robinson, 1998; Feijo et al., 2001; Lovy-Wheeler et al., 2006). Oscillations of [pH] ...
The Vg1-related protein Gdf3 acts in a Nodal signaling
... To investigate the properties of Gdf3, we examined whether Gdf3 protein can be expressed and signal in a Nodal-like pathway in mammalian cell culture. When we transfected a native Gdf3 expression construct into 293T human embryonic kidney cells, we observed that this native construct was processed p ...
... To investigate the properties of Gdf3, we examined whether Gdf3 protein can be expressed and signal in a Nodal-like pathway in mammalian cell culture. When we transfected a native Gdf3 expression construct into 293T human embryonic kidney cells, we observed that this native construct was processed p ...
Enzymes That Scavenge Reactive Oxygen
... the PSVs are hydrolyzed, however, the PSVs fuse to form one large central vacuole (Bethke et al., 1998; Swanson et al., 1998). Barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone cells die in response to GA only after this large central vacuole has been formed (Bethke et al., 1999). The metabolism of triglycerides al ...
... the PSVs are hydrolyzed, however, the PSVs fuse to form one large central vacuole (Bethke et al., 1998; Swanson et al., 1998). Barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone cells die in response to GA only after this large central vacuole has been formed (Bethke et al., 1999). The metabolism of triglycerides al ...
Long-Term Acclimation of the Cyanobacterium
... (data not shown; see Table I for Chl level), amounts of Chl and phycobilisomes per cell were markedly lowered as a response to higher irradiance (Fig. 1A). Chl concentration at HL2 reached about 50% of that observed at ML (Table I; Supplemental Fig. S2). Levels of carotenoids also decreased, except ...
... (data not shown; see Table I for Chl level), amounts of Chl and phycobilisomes per cell were markedly lowered as a response to higher irradiance (Fig. 1A). Chl concentration at HL2 reached about 50% of that observed at ML (Table I; Supplemental Fig. S2). Levels of carotenoids also decreased, except ...
Microbial Cell Factories
... Attachment of bacteria to a substratum is the initial step in biofilm formation, which is followed by the establishment of micro colonies by clonal propagation, and final maturation into three-dimensional structures that are covered by exopolymer and other matrix materials [3,5,13,14]. These bacteri ...
... Attachment of bacteria to a substratum is the initial step in biofilm formation, which is followed by the establishment of micro colonies by clonal propagation, and final maturation into three-dimensional structures that are covered by exopolymer and other matrix materials [3,5,13,14]. These bacteri ...
Ixodes scapularis the Saliva of the Lyme Disease Vector Tick
... to humans and livestock (reviewed in Ref. 7 and 21). Much attention has been given to the nature of the immune response to ticks as well as to the effects of tick infestations on the host’s immune competence (7, 9, 21). Tick infestation of mice has been shown to result in significant modulations of ...
... to humans and livestock (reviewed in Ref. 7 and 21). Much attention has been given to the nature of the immune response to ticks as well as to the effects of tick infestations on the host’s immune competence (7, 9, 21). Tick infestation of mice has been shown to result in significant modulations of ...
FGF signalling: diverse roles during early vertebrate embryogenesis
... later morphogenetic role, which is not ERK-dependent and which coordinates cell movements during gastrulation and neurulation (see Fig. 1). How the switch from Sprouty to Spred gene expression occurs at the transcriptional level is still unknown, but resolving this question should provide us with im ...
... later morphogenetic role, which is not ERK-dependent and which coordinates cell movements during gastrulation and neurulation (see Fig. 1). How the switch from Sprouty to Spred gene expression occurs at the transcriptional level is still unknown, but resolving this question should provide us with im ...
Biology I End-of-Course
... on how quickly photosynthesis is occurring in each plant. B. The temperature of water in each aquarium This answer is not correct. The temperature of the water can change the rate of photosynthesis, but measuring the water temperature would not provide the most information on the rate of photosynthe ...
... on how quickly photosynthesis is occurring in each plant. B. The temperature of water in each aquarium This answer is not correct. The temperature of the water can change the rate of photosynthesis, but measuring the water temperature would not provide the most information on the rate of photosynthe ...
PowerPoint Template
... and conducted into the cell via cascades of coupled reactions. The first steps of signal transmission often take place in close association with the membrane, before the signal is conducted into the cell interior. The cell uses mainly two mechanisms for transmission of signals at the cytosolic side ...
... and conducted into the cell via cascades of coupled reactions. The first steps of signal transmission often take place in close association with the membrane, before the signal is conducted into the cell interior. The cell uses mainly two mechanisms for transmission of signals at the cytosolic side ...
Assessing the Flexibility of Intermediate Filaments by Atomic Force
... cytoplasmic IFs, an intermediary stable complex is a tetramer comprising two dimers that are arranged in an antiparallel approximately halfstaggered fashion relative to one another. In the case of vertebrate cytoplasmic IFs, the in vitro assembly process follows three distinct steps. First, the tetr ...
... cytoplasmic IFs, an intermediary stable complex is a tetramer comprising two dimers that are arranged in an antiparallel approximately halfstaggered fashion relative to one another. In the case of vertebrate cytoplasmic IFs, the in vitro assembly process follows three distinct steps. First, the tetr ...
Chapter 4 Calsequestrin - Department of Molecular Physiology and
... terminal cistemae is believed to consist of calsequestrin. Reproduced from J. Cell Biol. 51, 369-383 by copyright permission of the Rockefeller Univ. Press. ...
... terminal cistemae is believed to consist of calsequestrin. Reproduced from J. Cell Biol. 51, 369-383 by copyright permission of the Rockefeller Univ. Press. ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.