The Xanthomonas effector XopJ triggers a conditional
... recognition results in the initiation of intra cellular downstream signaling that leads to the production of reactive oxygen species, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, defense gene induction, and callose deposition at the plant cell wall (Boller and Felix, 2009). These ...
... recognition results in the initiation of intra cellular downstream signaling that leads to the production of reactive oxygen species, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, defense gene induction, and callose deposition at the plant cell wall (Boller and Felix, 2009). These ...
Vesicle turnover in developing neurons: how to build a - LIRA-Lab
... Pleiomorphic Vesicles And Tubulovesicular Structures: Organelles with variable morphology, ranging in shape from spherical to tubular, structure, and lengths of up to 1 mm that function as carrier vesicles. Postsynaptic Density (PSD): Dense matrix adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic ...
... Pleiomorphic Vesicles And Tubulovesicular Structures: Organelles with variable morphology, ranging in shape from spherical to tubular, structure, and lengths of up to 1 mm that function as carrier vesicles. Postsynaptic Density (PSD): Dense matrix adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic ...
Cell distribution and regenerative activity following meniscus
... efficacy in the short or medium term and has not been proven to have a significant impact on the natural history of the meniscus-deficient knee in terms of degenerative change over time. As the long-term efficacy of allografts and scaffolds is likely to be influenced by implant population with host ...
... efficacy in the short or medium term and has not been proven to have a significant impact on the natural history of the meniscus-deficient knee in terms of degenerative change over time. As the long-term efficacy of allografts and scaffolds is likely to be influenced by implant population with host ...
Vesicle trafficking dynamics and visualization of zones of exocytosis
... Endocytic retrieval of excess plasma membrane must occur in tip-growing cells, as the amount of membrane inserted during exocytosis would exceed the quantity required to support new growth (Picton and Steer, 1983). These internalized vesicles could also contain membrane proteins that are recycled by ...
... Endocytic retrieval of excess plasma membrane must occur in tip-growing cells, as the amount of membrane inserted during exocytosis would exceed the quantity required to support new growth (Picton and Steer, 1983). These internalized vesicles could also contain membrane proteins that are recycled by ...
Reconstitution of Outer Membrane Protein Assembly from Purified
... by incubation in 100 mM sodium carbonate for 30 min, suggesting that the folded protein had been integrated into the membrane. The nonessential lipoprotein BamB is important in the assembly of OMP substrates delivered by SurA; the five-protein complex had significantly higher activity than the four- ...
... by incubation in 100 mM sodium carbonate for 30 min, suggesting that the folded protein had been integrated into the membrane. The nonessential lipoprotein BamB is important in the assembly of OMP substrates delivered by SurA; the five-protein complex had significantly higher activity than the four- ...
- Wiley Online Library
... ring. PtdIns3P has previously been imaged using the biosensor YFP–2 · FYVE (Vermeer et al., 2006; Voigt et al., 2005). To investigate whether there is any overlap between PtdIns3P and PtdIns4P pools, stably transformed BY-2 cells expressing both biosensors were generated. mRFP–PHFAPP1 was present on ...
... ring. PtdIns3P has previously been imaged using the biosensor YFP–2 · FYVE (Vermeer et al., 2006; Voigt et al., 2005). To investigate whether there is any overlap between PtdIns3P and PtdIns4P pools, stably transformed BY-2 cells expressing both biosensors were generated. mRFP–PHFAPP1 was present on ...
Similarities and differences in the responses of microorganisms to
... and algae (except euglenoids) possess rigid cell walls, whereas protozoa lack a ‘true’ cell wall. Many different types of microorganism (bacteria, fungi and protozoa) have been associated with serious human infections. Certain filamentous algae may produce thick carpet-like mats in freshwaters. Alga ...
... and algae (except euglenoids) possess rigid cell walls, whereas protozoa lack a ‘true’ cell wall. Many different types of microorganism (bacteria, fungi and protozoa) have been associated with serious human infections. Certain filamentous algae may produce thick carpet-like mats in freshwaters. Alga ...
Specialized filopodia direct long-range transport of SHH
... mesenchymal cells within the developing limb bud in a mosaic fashion (Fig. 1b). Through this approach we uncovered an unexpected, intricate network of thin cellular extensions present on these cells spanning several cell diameters, which orient in many directions from the cell body along the anterio ...
... mesenchymal cells within the developing limb bud in a mosaic fashion (Fig. 1b). Through this approach we uncovered an unexpected, intricate network of thin cellular extensions present on these cells spanning several cell diameters, which orient in many directions from the cell body along the anterio ...
Metabolism, cell growth and the bacterial cell cycle
... and cell division. This view does not take into consideration the effects of nutrients and metabolic status on events that occur after replication initiation, nor does it explain how cell cycle events are coordinated with mass doubling to ensure that new rounds of replication are initiated only once ...
... and cell division. This view does not take into consideration the effects of nutrients and metabolic status on events that occur after replication initiation, nor does it explain how cell cycle events are coordinated with mass doubling to ensure that new rounds of replication are initiated only once ...
Muscle Cells - Circulation Research
... cardiocytes. Thus, developing cardiac muscle cells are an ideal system in which to examine the expression of cell cycle-regulated genes during development. We chose to examine proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a gene expressed at the G1IS phase boundary of the cell cycle. Northern blots of ...
... cardiocytes. Thus, developing cardiac muscle cells are an ideal system in which to examine the expression of cell cycle-regulated genes during development. We chose to examine proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a gene expressed at the G1IS phase boundary of the cell cycle. Northern blots of ...
Presence of methyl sterol and bacteriohopanepolyol
... recovered by centrifugation before initiating phase separation and was used for P-hydroxy fatty acid analysis (see below). The total lipid extract was analysed for phospholipid phosphate (Dittmer & Wells, 1969), and phospholipid esterified fatty acid by mild-alkaline methanolysis (White et al., 1979 ...
... recovered by centrifugation before initiating phase separation and was used for P-hydroxy fatty acid analysis (see below). The total lipid extract was analysed for phospholipid phosphate (Dittmer & Wells, 1969), and phospholipid esterified fatty acid by mild-alkaline methanolysis (White et al., 1979 ...
Review Plasticity of Adult Stem Cells
... derive from a definable and functionally identical pluripotent ICM cell or population of cells that exists within the blastocyst prior to ES cell isolation and culture. In the adult soma, stem cells generally have been thought of as tissue-specific, able to give rise only to progeny cells correspond ...
... derive from a definable and functionally identical pluripotent ICM cell or population of cells that exists within the blastocyst prior to ES cell isolation and culture. In the adult soma, stem cells generally have been thought of as tissue-specific, able to give rise only to progeny cells correspond ...
All-Trans Retinoic Acid Induces DU145 Cell Cycle Arrest through
... ATRA • Cdk5 • p27 • Prostate cancer • Cell cycle arrest Abstract Background/Aims: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the active form of vitamin A, plays an important role in the growth arrest of numerous types of cancer cells. It has been indicated that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activity can be ...
... ATRA • Cdk5 • p27 • Prostate cancer • Cell cycle arrest Abstract Background/Aims: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the active form of vitamin A, plays an important role in the growth arrest of numerous types of cancer cells. It has been indicated that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activity can be ...
Membrane-bound and extracellular P4actamase
... cloacae changes in the structure and composition of the cell wall peptidoglycan, caused by the addition of glycine and D-amino acids to cultures, resulted in p-lactamase induction (Ottolenghi et al., 1993). In most cases p-lactamases are extracellular proteins, as they are either excreted into the g ...
... cloacae changes in the structure and composition of the cell wall peptidoglycan, caused by the addition of glycine and D-amino acids to cultures, resulted in p-lactamase induction (Ottolenghi et al., 1993). In most cases p-lactamases are extracellular proteins, as they are either excreted into the g ...
Dynamic Tubular Vacuoles Radiate Through the
... aggregates of cytoplasm (asterisks) were dynamic while dark regions representing nuclei (arrows) were stationary. Concurrent transmitted light imaging with the 514-nm laser was difficult because of anthocyanin absorbance. However, addition of red (633 nm), blue (488 nm) and green (561 nm) transmitted ...
... aggregates of cytoplasm (asterisks) were dynamic while dark regions representing nuclei (arrows) were stationary. Concurrent transmitted light imaging with the 514-nm laser was difficult because of anthocyanin absorbance. However, addition of red (633 nm), blue (488 nm) and green (561 nm) transmitted ...
Functions of AP1 (Fos/Jun) in bone development
... and CREB families of proteins are also part of AP1 complexes. AP1 converts extracellular signals into changes in the expression of specific target genes, which harbour AP1 binding site(s) in their promoter or enhancer regions. The activity of AP1 is modulated by interactions with other transcription ...
... and CREB families of proteins are also part of AP1 complexes. AP1 converts extracellular signals into changes in the expression of specific target genes, which harbour AP1 binding site(s) in their promoter or enhancer regions. The activity of AP1 is modulated by interactions with other transcription ...
Chromosome Segregation in Budding Yeast: Sister Chromatid
... ABSTRACT Studies on budding yeast have exposed the highly conserved mechanisms by which duplicated chromosomes are evenly distributed to daughter cells at the metaphase–anaphase transition. The establishment of proteinaceous bridges between sister chromatids, a function provided by a ring-shaped com ...
... ABSTRACT Studies on budding yeast have exposed the highly conserved mechanisms by which duplicated chromosomes are evenly distributed to daughter cells at the metaphase–anaphase transition. The establishment of proteinaceous bridges between sister chromatids, a function provided by a ring-shaped com ...
Shaping the metaphase chromosome: coordination of cohesion and
... in human cells.(57) However, neither phosphorylation of condensin nor phosphorylation of histone H3 is sufficient to account for the mitosis-specific targeting of condensin in vitro.(44) Thus, a non-histone ``receptor'' may participate in the recruitment of condensin to chromosomes. One candidate fo ...
... in human cells.(57) However, neither phosphorylation of condensin nor phosphorylation of histone H3 is sufficient to account for the mitosis-specific targeting of condensin in vitro.(44) Thus, a non-histone ``receptor'' may participate in the recruitment of condensin to chromosomes. One candidate fo ...
Cell movements during epiboly and gastrulation in
... morphogenesis and fates of sibling clones located at different depths in the blastoderm. (A) At the 32-cell stage, the blastomeres are often arranged in a single-layered 4x8 array. One of the central rows of 8 cells is shown, and a cell in this row, adjacent to the animal pole, is injected with rhod ...
... morphogenesis and fates of sibling clones located at different depths in the blastoderm. (A) At the 32-cell stage, the blastomeres are often arranged in a single-layered 4x8 array. One of the central rows of 8 cells is shown, and a cell in this row, adjacent to the animal pole, is injected with rhod ...
A Comparative Analysis of Extra-Embryonic Endoderm Cell
... of these cells contribute to extra-embryonic lineages encompassing the visceral endoderm (VE) and the parietal endoderm (PE). During gastrulation, the definitive endoderm (DE) forms by ingression of cells from the epiblast. The DE comprises most of the cells of the gut and its accessory organs. Desp ...
... of these cells contribute to extra-embryonic lineages encompassing the visceral endoderm (VE) and the parietal endoderm (PE). During gastrulation, the definitive endoderm (DE) forms by ingression of cells from the epiblast. The DE comprises most of the cells of the gut and its accessory organs. Desp ...
Structure and function of basement membranes
... assembly, localization, and/or attachment to meros;n. The identity of the chromosome 9 FCMO gene is likely to be known in the near future, and it will then be possible to study the association of its product with merosin. There is a correlation of merosin deficiency with muscular dystrophy also in o ...
... assembly, localization, and/or attachment to meros;n. The identity of the chromosome 9 FCMO gene is likely to be known in the near future, and it will then be possible to study the association of its product with merosin. There is a correlation of merosin deficiency with muscular dystrophy also in o ...
Boron Functions in Plants: Looking Beyond the
... although only demonstrated to form in vitro, B-adenylate (Ralston and Hunt, 2001) or B-pentose (Ricardo et al., 2004) complexes support the possibility that B may be involved in regulatory or signaling processes, which might encourage boronists to look for other B functions not strictly related wit ...
... although only demonstrated to form in vitro, B-adenylate (Ralston and Hunt, 2001) or B-pentose (Ricardo et al., 2004) complexes support the possibility that B may be involved in regulatory or signaling processes, which might encourage boronists to look for other B functions not strictly related wit ...
LESSON—19 THE EXTERIOR OP THE CELL. A. Objectives
... are regions where the plasma membrane from two neighboring cells are in actual contact. occur only in plants. involve connective microfilaments that traverse the space between adjacent cells. are anchored by microfilaments on the insides of the cell membranes of adjacent cells. contain a 24 nm space ...
... are regions where the plasma membrane from two neighboring cells are in actual contact. occur only in plants. involve connective microfilaments that traverse the space between adjacent cells. are anchored by microfilaments on the insides of the cell membranes of adjacent cells. contain a 24 nm space ...
Plant PCD In vegetative development Suspensor degradation
... Heterozygous alleles restore male fertility to cytoplasmic male-sterile radish (Raphanus sativus L.): a case of overdominance(2013) J. Exp. Bot. 64: 2041-2048. ...
... Heterozygous alleles restore male fertility to cytoplasmic male-sterile radish (Raphanus sativus L.): a case of overdominance(2013) J. Exp. Bot. 64: 2041-2048. ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.